Browsing by Subject "Wheat production"

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Gaseous N emissions from a loamy soil as affected by N fertilization strategies, and by the use of nitrification and urease inhibitors - Results from field and incubation experiments
(2023) Guzman Bustamante, Ivan; Müller, Torsten
Agricultural activities are responsible for a substantial share of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. At the same time, agricultural production must feed a growing world population under a changing climate. In the case of wheat, the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers is needed in order to insure grain yield and quality. Nevertheless, its use is associated with reactive N losses, which are detrimental for the environment and human health. Among the gaseous N species emitted after N fertilization we find nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, and ammonia (NH3) that after its deposition can be oxidized to N2O. Chemical compounds such as nitrification and urease inhibitors (NIs and UIs, respectively) are a useful tool, able to raise the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency, by retarding the nitrification of ammonium based fertilizer in the case of NIs and by retarding the hydrolysis of urea in the case of UIs. A side benefit of the use of NIs is the reduction of N2O emissions. The use of UIs reduces the NH3 volatilization. One of the most used NIs in Europe is 3,4-dimethylpyrazol phosphate (DMPP) which can be applied with ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN). The relatively new NI, 3,4-dimethylpyrazol succinic acid (DMPSA), acts similarly to DMPP but has a different time of action and can be applied to several fertilizers, unlike DMPP. N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) is an effective UI that provenly reduces NH3 volatilization by inhibiting the urease enzyme. In a two-year field experiment with winter wheat several fertilizer strategies were tested, including splitting strategies, use of NIs and reduction of N amount. Reducing N amount reduces the amount of soil mineral N, which is the substrate for N2O producing microbiological processes, nitrification and denitrification. Splitting of N fertilizer might reduce soil mineral N as well because N fertilizer applications are better suited to the physiological needs of the wheat plants. Applying NIs in splitting schemes may further mitigate emissions. The relationship between N amount and N2O losses in a wheat production system was investigated by applying lower and higher N amounts than the recommended N application rate. Use of DMPP was able to reduce N2O emissions in both years, not only on an annual basis (by 21 %: 3.1 vs 2.5 kg N2O-N ha-1 a-1 average for both years) but also during winter, when up to 18 % of total annual emissions occurred. A change of the soil microbial community due to DMPP could be the reason for the reduction of winter emissions 8 to 12 months after DMPP application. An economic assessment of N fertilizer amount showed that DMPP applied with suboptimal N fertilizer amounts can maintain yield and at the same time decrease yield scaled N2O emissions compared to an optimal N fertilizer rate without NI. Using CAN together with the NI DMPSA reduced N2O emissions only during the vegetation period. On an annual basis, DMPSA did not significantly reduce N2O emissions. Because DMPSA and DMPP were applied with different N fertilizers with different ammonium and nitrate shares, a direct comparison between these two NIs cannot be made. A traditional threefold split fertilization did not reduce annual emissions compared to a single application of ASN or CAN. Nevertheless, the use of DMPP in twofold split applications reduced annual emissions significantly by 33 % and increased protein content by 1.6 %. Because N2O flux peaks were not as high as expected after N fertilization during the first year, a short experiment investigating the effect of soil moisture, N and C application on N2O fluxes was conducted. A C limitation of the field was found, which explained high N2O emission events when C was available, e.g. after rewetting of dry soil and incorporation of straw after harvest. In this context we tested the removal of wheat straw – which should reduce the organic substrate supply for denitrifiers – as a possible mitigation strategy. Nevertheless, the removal of straw had no effect on N2O emissions. Furthermore, the effect of DMPP on microorganisms was studied in an incubation experiment: the copy number of bacterial amoA genes (nitrifiers) was lowered by the use of DMPP, while the number of archaeal amoA genes was increased by DMPP. Gene copy number of denitrifiers was unaffected by DMPP, nevertheless, soil respiration was reduced when DMPP was applied. It seems as DMPP has an inhibiting effect on heterotrophic organisms, nevertheless, the investigated variables did not support this hypothesis, so that further investigation is needed. The effect of NBPT and straw residues on NH3 and N2O emissions was studied in a two-week incubation experiment with a slightly alkaline soil. NBPT reduced NH3 volatilization and N2O fluxes from urea fertilization almost completely. Incorporation of straw residues significantly increased N2O emissions. In a further four-week incubation experiment, the effect of NBPT in two concentrations and DMPP was studied. A higher NBPT concentration as the recommended rate, reduced NH3 emissions by 53 %; DMPP on the other hand increased NH3 volatilization by 70 %. Regarding N2O, DMPP reduced emissions to the same level as the unfertilized control; NBPT only shifted the emission peak so that by the end of the experiment no difference in the cumulative N2O emission was found between urea and NBPT treatments. These results show that UI can lead to a reduction of N2O emissions, but the ammonium formed by the urea hydrolysis should be used by crops, otherwise it serves as a substrate for N2O production in soils. In the final incubation experiment, the combined application of a NI (DMPSA) and a UI (NBPT) was studied. Lower concentrations than the recommended doses were applied in order to assess synergistic effects. The combined application of DMPSA and NBPT did not lead to synergistic effects in the analyzed variables (soil urea amount, soil mineral N, ammonia volatilization, soil respiration and N2O emission). The higher the NBPT concentration, the slower urea was hydrolyzed and the higher the reduction in NH3 volatilization. A third of DMPSA application rate was enough to reduce N2O emissions; however, the use of NI increased NH3 losses. Our results highlight the importance of annual datasets when assessing mitigation strategies for N2O. For wheat production, a reduction of the N fertilizer amount when a NI is used should be taken into consideration. When elite wheat cultivars are grown split application with NI fertilizers could ensure high protein content and simultaneously reduce N2O emission. Urea fertilizer should be applied with NI and UI so that NH3 volatilization and N2O emission is reduced. Nevertheless, long-term effects of these compounds on soil microbiology must be monitored to avoid unseen ecotoxicological effects. Since some of these compounds or their metabolites might be absorbed by plants and end up in food and feed more research is needed to protect consumers.