Browsing by Subject "Tractor"

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Adaptive operator systems in tractors : analysis of potentials and methods for specification and evaluation
(2024) Schempp, Timo Thomas
Der Ackerschlepper wird in der Landwirtschaft, auf dem Bau, im Forst und im Kommunalbereich als Universalmaschine eingesetzt. Dazu wird er wechselnd mit einer Vielzahl von Maschinen gekoppelt, um diese zu betreiben. Es ergeben sich wechselnde Bedienszenarien mit unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Bedienung der gekoppelten Maschinen. Heutige Bediensysteme sind statisch und müssen daher als Kompromisslösung für diese unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Bedienung eingeordnet werden. Adaptive Bediensysteme können sich hingegen an wechselnde Bedienszenarien anpassen. Diese Arbeit beleuchtet den Stand der Technik der Bediensysteme in Ackerschleppern allgemein und explizit an drei ausgewählten Beispielen. Ferner werden zwei Methoden beschrieben, mit denen ein adaptives Bediensystem spezifiziert werden kann. Für die Bewertung der kognitiven und physischen Ergonomie von Bediensystemen allgemein werden zwei weitere Methoden vorgestellt. Alle Methoden sind für einen auf dem V-Modell basierenden Entwicklungsprozess geeignet. Die beschriebenen Ergebnisse einer theoretischen und praktischen Potentialanalyse motivieren den Einsatz adaptiver Bediensysteme im Ackerschlepper. Die theoretische Potentialanalyse stützt sich auf die Grundlagen der Ergonomie und auf die Art und Weise wie die Funktionen in einem Ackerschlepper genutzt werden. Die praktische Potentialanalyse stützt sich auf die Auswertung und Analyse von Messdaten aus dem Feld mit fast 500 Arbeitsstunden aus 14 Bedienszenarien. Ferner beschreibt diese Arbeit die Anwendung der Methoden zur Spezifikation, das entwickelte und funktionsfähige adaptive Bediensystem und die Anwendung der Bewertungsmethoden, die für das adaptive Bediensystem eine signifikante Verbesserungen der physischen und kognitiven Ergonomie zeigen.
Dynamische Eigenschaften von Ackerschlepper-Triebradreifen bei höheren Rollgeschwindigkeiten
(1989) Schrogl, Horst; Kutzbach, Heinz Dieter
Da über das dynamische Verhalten rollender Ackerschlepperreifen bisher nur wenig bekannt war, war es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, die Einflüsse von Reifenabmessungen und -bauart, sowie der Betriebsbedingungen wie Rollgeschwindigkeit, Belastung und Reifeninnendruck zu ermitteln. Durch die umfangreichen Versuchsreihen mit einem neuen Flachbahnprüfstand konnten dabei zum großen Teil sehr eindeutige und neue Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden.
Einfluss dynamischer Radlastschwankungen und Schräglaufwinkeländerungen auf die horizontale Kraftübertragung von Ackerschlepperreifen
(2006) Schlotter, Volkmar
Given the large variation of application conditions of tractors and agricultural machinery, the force transmission between tyre and ground is of particular importance for the efficiency in agricultural use. For a proper assessment of the tyre the exact knowledge of the tyre force behaviour in vertical, longitudinal and lateral direction is required as well as their inter-dependences. Besides the steady-state behaviour the dynamic behaviour of the force transmis-sion is of high relevance. This thesis centres on the investigation of the lateral-force behaviour which is highly important for cornering, for driving on slopes, and also for vehicle roll. The steady-state and transient behaviour of the lateral force has been investigated using the Single Wheel Tester of Hohenheim University. Comparative tests for the longitudinal force transmission have been carried out. The focus was the assessment of dynamic behaviour under the influence of transient parameters particularly on rigid surfaces. The investigations for the steady-state lateral-force transmission show higher lateral forces for wider tyres especially in case of small slip angles. Tyre load has a strong influence on the cornering stiffness. A large increase in tyre load can lead to doubling the cornering stiffness. For small slip angles the lateral force tends to a maximum or even declines with increasing tyre load, so that for the same lateral force larger slip angles are required. The test results with non-steady-state slip angle excitation reveal a time delay in the lateral-force generation. This behaviour can be described by a time constant. An increase of the tyre inflation pressure from 0.5 bar to 1.6 bar leads to a decrease of the time constant by more than one third. A hyper-bolic decrease of the time constant with increasing driving speed confirms a stroke-dependency and leads in consequence to the introduction of a relaxation length. The relaxa-tion length derived from the measurements shows an increase with reduced tyre inflation pressure and rising tyre load. The values for the relaxation length are in a range of approx. 0.5 m to 1.6 m. A strong dependence on the respective method of measurement was found this means that measured values should always be reported in connection with the employed measurement method. With longitudinal force measurements the longitudinal stiffness, analogous to the cornering stiffness, was determined. For the longitudinal stiffness of the traction force values nearly twice as high are determined compared to the longitudinal stiffness of the braking force. For both parameters a nearly linear increase with the tyre load was found. The comparison of lug-excited and surface-excited tyre load fluctuations indicates a dominant influence of the lug excitation and the radial run-out of the wheel compared to stochastic excitations on road surfaces. For stochastic excitations in form of a bump the tyre load fluc-tuations are strengthened. A different behaviour of the lateral force with positive and negative gradient of the tyre load can be seen. Therefore the mean lateral forces are decreased for stochastic excitations. With low frequency excitations of the tyre load up to 2 Hz realised with the Single Wheel Tester the mean lateral force decreases by up to around 6%. The transient response of the lateral force has been determined using sinusoidal excitation of the tyre load. The relaxation length of 0.40 m to 0.75 m for tyre load excitation is lower than the relaxation length for slip angle excitation. Here as well a decrease with increasing tyre inflation pressure can be observed. Comparison with the results for the longitudinal force transmission under the influence of tyre load fluctuations shows that the time constant of the traction force amounts to only approx. one third of the time constant of the lateral force: the traction-force transmission reacts faster to tyre-load fluctuations than the lateral force transmission. Simulation of stationary lateral forces with various models shows good accordance with the measured results. For interdependent longitudinal and lateral forces the Slip-Drift-Model with appropriate adaptation of the input parameters shows good results. For modelling the non-steady-state lateral force transmission the Maxwell model was used. The spring and damping parameters have been determined with the results of measurements. An increase of the lateral tyre stiffness due to increasing tyre inflation pressure or reduced tyre load can be seen. The damping constant is strongly reduced with increasing driving speed, whereas the tyre load and the tyre inflation pressure have only a slight influence. The lateral damping constant is considerably higher than the vertical damping constant.
Entwicklung und Applikation eines instationären Reifenmodells zur Fahrdynamiksimulation von Ackerschleppern
(2009) Ferhadbegovic, Bojan
The driving speed of modern agricultural tractors increased continuously during the last years. Nowadays, a maximum driving speed of 50 km/h is standard for agricultural tractors in Germany. To be able to drive safely at such high speeds, the agricultural tractors are equipped with a suspended front axle. However, a rear axle suspension for standard tractors is still too expensive and has thus not prevailed yet. The increasing percentage of transportation duties and the efforts to increase the productivity generate a high demand for even faster agricultural tractors. Therefore, the first standard tractor with a maximum driving speed of 60 km/h was presented in 2005. This speed was achievable without a major change of the vehicle?s basic design. However, even higher driving speeds will require substantial modifications of the vehicle?s concept and are thus not expected very soon. Since the agricultural tractors are designed mainly for the field work, their driving dynamics characteristics on the road are not always perfect. The high vehicle masses, possible insufficiencies in the construction and interaction of various vehicle components together with the missing rear axle suspension can lead to critical behaviour of the vehicle, especially during high speed cornering. The entire suspension on the rear axle is accomplished by the tyres. Since the agricultural tyres are mainly designed for carrying high loads and generating high draft forces on soft soil, their driving dynamics properties on the road are rather insufficient. They usually have a radial run-out with an amplitude of 1-2 mm. Due to the rather low damping of the agricultural tyres, this rather small run-out can cause vibrations with a quite high amplitude, especially if the excitation is close to the eigenfrequency of the vehicle. Furthermore, the tyre inflation pressure varies between 0.8 and 2.0 bar - which is a relatively large span - making the vehicle setup more difficult. To analyse the driving dynamics of agricultural tractors and to identify possible problems and insufficiencies at an early stage of development simulation models are used. A very important part of a vehicle model is the tyre model. Being the link between the vehicle and the ground, the tyre has a high influence on the vehicle behaviour. It is therefore essential to use an accurate tyre model. Most of the commercially available tyre models today are optimized for passenger car tyres and are thus of limited use for soft and large agricultural tyres. In this doctoral thesis at the University of Hohenheim a dynamic model for agricultural tyres on rigid surfaces was developed ? the Hohenheim Tyre Model. It is a hybrid model since it needs physical parameters like spring and damper coefficients as well as empirically obtained data for the tyre-ground-characteristics. The Hohenheim Tyre Model uses the wheel speeds and the speed of the tyre tread to calculate the deflection velocity and the deflection of the tyre and subsequently uses both values as inputs for spring-damper-elements. The force calculated in these so-called Voigt-Kelvin-Elements is finally used to determine the slip and the slip angle of the wheel. The tyre model was created in MATLAB/Simulink and can be coupled to any multi-body-software. The model allows to calculate the transient tyre behaviour in three dimensions with a low computational effort, which makes it adequate for driving dynamics simulation. It takes the nonlinearities of the tyre into account and calculates the forces for pure longitudinal or lateral slip as well as for combined slip conditions.
Experimental investigations on tractor tire vibration properties
(2017) Brinkmann, Christian
Vehicle vibrations have raised articulate awareness in agricultural industry during the last years. Especially, the legal basis with the EU directive 2002/44/EC and its implementation into national law with the corresponding ordinance have sensitized the manufacturers concerning the vibration behaviour of their vehicles accompanied with an increasing demand for ride comfort by the customers. Furthermore, vehicle components’ stress due to vibration and shock is also significantly dependent on the tire’s vibration characteristics. Only an optimized design and combination of the vehicle components can reduce vibrations and improve ride comfort and endurance strength. In this thesis mechanical vibrations in the ride comfort frequency range between 10 Hz and 80 Hz are regarded. For the investigations a new mechanical shaker device has been developed and single frequency force excitations in the mentioned frequency range can be applied to a rolling tire. From excitation and response of the system it is possible to identify the vibration modes of the rolling tire. The shaker is designed to be applied both to a flat-belt test stand and a research tractor. Additionally, uniformity and cleat tests have been conducted with the research tractor in order to compare shaker, tire and impact excitations.
Experimenteller Beitrag zum Schräglauf- und Lenkmomentverhalten rollender Reifen landwirtschaftlicher Fahrzeuge auf starrer und nachgiebiger Fahrbahn
(1991) Heine, Adolf
Beim Einsatz landwirtschaftlicher Fahrzeuge können zwei Fahrzustände mit schrägrollenden Reifen unterschieden werden. Die Spurhaltung beim Fahren am Hang oder beim Pflügen erfolgt durch konstant (stationär) schräglaufende Reifen, wohingegen Lenkvorgänge zur Änderung der Fahrtrichtung als instationäre Fahrzustände anzusehen sind, weil sich der Reifenschräglauf hierbei ständig ändert. Um das instationäre Schräglaufverhalten der Reifen landwirtschaftlicher Fahrzeuge auf starren und nachgiebigen Fahrbahnen untersuchen zu können, wurde als Versuchseinrichtung ein Einachsanhänger mit stufenlos gegeneinander einlenkbaren Versuchsreifen und einer Fünf-Komponenten-Kraft- und Momentmessnabe entwickelt.
Load based evaluation of machines using the example of a tractor
(2018) Balbach, Florian; Böttinger, Stefan
The estimation of tractor value requires a lot of experience and knowledge and relies mainly on to-tal operation hours and manufacturing year. Today each tractor operation hour is considered to be equal because tractor meters operate time based only and do not consider the varying loads. But tractors face multiple applications within a year. Each application puts different loads on each tractor assembly such as engine, gearbox, axles or power take-off. A more precise method is introduced to evaluate tractor operation hours on basis of real applica-tion loads of each tractor assembly within the drivetrain separately. The method relates accumulat-ed tractor loads to standard operation loads which are defined by a reference load spectrum for the specific assembly. For the load evaluation a pseudo damage calculation similar to the Miner’s rule is used. A test tractor was equipped with strain gauge sensors to measure torque flow within the drivetrain. A variety of different tractor applications were measured and load spectra for different assemblies were generated. Based on different tractor application profiles lifetime load spectra for the differ-ent assemblies can be calculated. Further consolidation of the individual load factors can be done by weighting of the assemblies. The resulting load factor brings transparent information about in-tensity of tractor usage. Results show big differences between the assemblies and between the different application profiles. This supports the demand for a new method for tractor evaluation
Nickschwingungsdämpfung und Radlastmanagement für Traktorgespanne mit Starrdeichselverbindung
(2016) Marx, Boris; Böttinger, Stefan
liegt nicht vor
Untersuchungen der Kräfte an schräglaufenden angetriebenen Ackerschlepperrädern
(1991) Armbruster, Karlheinz
Mit einer Einzelradmesseinrichtung wurden an Ackerschlepper-Antriebsrädern bei Radschräglauf und Schlupf gleichzeitig auftretende Längs- und Seitenkräfte an Reifen unterschiedlicher Größe auf verschiedenen Fahrbahnen gemessen. Die Ergebnisse wurden dargestellt und unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses von Fahrgeschwindigkeit und Schlupf auf die Bodeneigenschaften durch Modellrechnungen beschrieben. Steigender Schlupf führt zu größeren Triebkräften, eine Zunahme des Schräglaufwinkels zu einem degressiven Anstieg der Seitenkräfte. Die Radführungskräfte nehmen vor allem mit der Radlast zu. Größere Raddurchmesser führen zu höheren Triebkräften, breitere Reifen zu größeren Seitenkräften. Eine Zunahme der Längskräfte führt zu einem Rückgang der Seitenkräfte. Das Maximum der Seitenkräfte liegt im Bereich geringen negativen Schlupfes und geringer negativer Triebkräfte.