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Browsing by Subject "Sustainable agriculture"

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Evaluation and method development for the biosynthesis of microbial lipopeptides by bacillus species
(2023) Vahidinasab, Maliheh; Hausmann, Rudolf
Microbial lipopeptides are secondary metabolites produced by bacteria and single-celled microorganisms. They consist of a cyclic or linear peptide chain linked to a lipid residue. Due to their high-foaming biosurfactant properties, they have various industrial applications such as in detergents, food emulsifiers, bioremediation, and enhanced oil recovery. Additionally, they possess other functional properties such as antifungal activity, making them an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic fertilizers and fungicides. Bacillus species produce cyclic lipopeptides known for their potent antifungal activity, which makes them a potential source of bio-fungicides in agriculture. However, the production titer of wild-type Bacillus species does not meet industrial needs. Thereby, genetic modification of producer strains and bioprocess engineering can help increase the production of lipopeptides. Nevertheless, the regulation and basis of biosynthesis for Bacillus lipopeptides are still not completely understood, and ongoing research aims to enhance their production. In general, three main lipopeptide families, including surfactins, iturins, and fengycins are produced by different Bacillus species. Among these, surfactin as the strong biosurfactant is the most extensively studied lipopeptide produced by Bacillus species. The focus of this doctoral thesis was mainly to evaluate the biosynthesis of iturin and fengycin families, which are strong antimicrobial lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis. This involved developing strains through genetic engineering and enhancing the lipopeptide titer by evaluating the cultivation medium. Initially, the entire genome of the bacteria used in this thesis was examined in terms of lipopeptide biosynthesis, and the structure and yield of the different produced lipopeptides were analyzed. Regarding the lipopeptide producer derivatives of the domesticated laboratory model strain B. subtilis 168 and B. subtilis 3NA, a spore deficient strain appropriate for bioreactor cultivation, surfactin is the lipopeptide with the highest yield, while plipastatin which is a member of fengycin family, is produced in lower quantities. In the present thesis, the biosynthesis of plipastatin by B. subtilis BMV9 as the lipopeptide producer derivative of strain 3NA was evaluated. The study aimed to convert BMV9 to a constitutive plipastatin mono-producer strain. In this sense, overexpressing plipastatin biosynthesis operon using the stronger constitutive Pveg promoter led to a five-fold increase in plipastatin production. Interestingly, it was observed that deletion of srfAA-AD operon in BMV9 and the constructed constitutive plipastatin producer strain has not improved plipastatin production. Therefore, it can be stated that presumably the biosynthesis of plipastatin may be positively influenced in a post-transcriptional manner by the surfactin synthetase or some of its subunits. However, the regulatory mechanism behind this effect remained unknown and requires further research. Another attempt to enhance the plipastatin biosynthesis in strain BMV9 was repairing the degQ expression. One main genome characterization of strains with B. subtilis 168 and 3NA background is that the pleiotropic degQ gene expression, which is known to have a positive effect on plipastatin biosynthesis, is silenced due to a mutation in the promoter area. However, while repair of degQ expression in BMV9 increased the plipastatin production, combination of both repaired degQ expression and promoter exchange (Ppps::Pveg) has not significantly increased the plipastatin yield. To further evaluate the impact of degQ expression on surfactin and plipastatin biosynthesis, two strains of B. subtilis were selected: JABs24, a lipopeptide producer derived from the 168 strain, and DSM10T, the wild-type strain expressing native degQ. The findings demonstrated that surfactin biosynthesis is negatively affected by DegQ-associated DegU regulation, while increased plipastatin biosynthesis is achieved in the presence of native degQ expression. In addition to production of lipopeptides, the DegU regulatory system also plays a role in the formation of secretory proteases. A comparison of extracellular protease activities between JABs24 and DSM10T showed that degQ expression led to DSM10T having five times higher protease activity than JABs24. Interestingly, production of extracellular proteases has not affected the stability of both plipastatin and surfactin during cultivation, suggesting that lipopeptides are less targeted by extracellular proteases. The identification of proficient wild-type strains is critical to the advancement of bio-fungicide in agriculture. Therefore, the subsequent approach of this thesis centered on the production of microbial lipopeptide by wild-type B. velezensis strains. Here, the lipopeptide productivity and antifungal ability of B. velezensis UTB96 was higher than B. velezensis FZB42, as a well-established strain for biocontrol of plant pathogens in agriculture. Furthermore, addition of certain amino acids stimulated lipopeptide production, and using a bioreactor system resulted in enhancement of lipopeptide production, especially iturin A by UTB96. Overall, the doctoral thesis evaluates the biosynthesis of antimicrobial lipopeptides produced by B. subtilis and B. velezensis. The study involves genetic engineering such as promoter exchange, deletion of genes involved in competing biosynthetic pathways and cultivation medium development with amino acid supplementation to enhance the lipopeptide titer. The thesis also identifies B. velezensis UTB96 as a promising candidate for further research to be used as a wild-type antifungal agent in agriculture.
Functional larval-parasitoid biodiversity in apple orchards as benchmark for management intensity and potential instrument for ecological amelioration of Iranian apple production
(2019) Lashkari-Bod, Abdullah; Zebitz, Claus P. W.
Although a consensus through the concept of sustainable agricultural production and its indicators to assess its functionality varies, it is expected to be long-term and reliable. The sustainability would change temporarily and spatially. It is influenced by political, social and economical is-sues, which reveals its interdisciplinary essence in concert with farming strategies and practices to produce human food. The management of plant protection is capable to impose unsustainability into farming system. The frequency and intensity of unsustainable practices would result into devastating effects on diversity and abundance of beneficial arthropods. The communities of natural enemy may promote sustainable management, but the anthropogenic interventions such as broad-spectrum pesticide applications would distort the essence of self-monitoring of natural invertebrates as regulators. The conventional agricultural management makes the habitats to be simplified through food webs and ecological complexities, which lead to species loss (extinction or emigration) and consequently to species interactions (connectance). The ecologically based management such as integrated pest management (IPM) would focus to maintain species and increase diversity in natural communities, which contributes to sustainable approach as alternative versus conventional agriculture. The negative effects of chemical pesticides would dramatically decline the ecosystem process and affect the energy flow among different trophic levels, which is manifested as functional rates in local or regional scale of ecosystem. The human-manipulated areas create negative consequences on the ecosystem functionality through vanishing the key natural resources (i.e. shelter, food provision, and alternative host prey), which affect maintaining natural enemy communities. The complementarity effects of antagonist communities can lead a synergetic impact on pest control, when biodiversity is conserved through vegetation, rational bio-pesticide application, and ecological infrastructure, the functional traits (richness and evenness) among interacting species will be improved. Furthermore, the intensified agriculture would arise pest outbreaks or convert a secondary and unimportant pest into a serious one. The antagonistic communities may represent as bio-indicators. The presence or absence of higher trophic levels and their complexes would reflect biotic or abiotic changes in the environment, which would eventually be expressed as parasitism or consumption rate. The scope of current research is limited to indicators of sustainability through pest management and does not comply a holistic approach on ecological, political, social, and economical managements. The preliminary results focus on the status quo of plant protection in Iran and biodiversity indices in Germany used to compare the different farm systems to show how the management can affect the community components and their interactions. The environmental and anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity of beneficial arthropods in different orchard management conducted in Germany, where the accessibility of abandoned apple orchards is more prevalent than Iran. To evaluate the impact of conventional intensive management vs. ecologically based sustainable practices on invertebrate beneficial community, a comparative study was conducted to assess food web pattern of larval-parasitoid communities, biodiversity indices, and parasitism rate in response to apple orchard by four different managements. Field samplings were occurred during 2011-2015 in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The orchard managements were distinguished based on the frequency and intensity of pesticide applications into the farming system. The categories of orchard management were managed (organic and integrated), and Streuobst (semi-abandoned orchard), which were situated in Denzlingen, Emmendingen, Goldener Grund, Hohenheim research center, Ilsfeld, Lake Constance, Neuhausen, Plieningen, Rommelshausen, and Scharnhausen. The sampling was conducted by installation of corrugated cardboard and random observation to collect larval caterpillars (Tortricidae and Gelechiidae). The collected samples were transferred to lab to rear adult parasitoids and further studies on taxonomic affiliation. Out of 7,923 healthy host larvae collected, totally 324 parasitoid individuals from three sub-families of Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Perilampidae were found. Four parasitoid species were found positive host-density dependent, the rest of the parasitoid species showed no densi-ty-dependency or were found in too small numbers. The highest richness, abundance, and evenness of larval-parasitoids were found in Streuobst orchards (i.g. Plieningen), which received no to minimal pesticide inputs. The interaction diversity of food webs (connectance) in Streuobst showed the highest number of trophic links in response to other orchard managements where the commercial (conventional) orchards harbor no to the least biodiversity indices of beneficial arthropods. Percentage similarity also assessed to depict the similarity of larval-parasitoid community structures in different managements. It was revealed the orchards with the same management contain similar parasitoid compositions. To describe and analyze the information on apple growing management, circumstances of plant protection, pest status, and major obstacles to initialize sustainable production in Iran, a questionnaire was designed to survey 39 apple growers from East-Azerbaijan, Fars, Isfahan, Tehran, and W. Azerbaijan in July 2014. It was found that management of the orchards mostly is under the supervision of the apple growers. Farmers in Isfahan suffer a road infrastructure to have an access to the nearest market to sell their product indicating an economic monopoly. The distance to experts affects the intensity of pesticide application by farmers. The conventional agriculture is prevailing in all provinces and access to bio-pesticides highly limited to Tehran. Totally 29 pesticides were used against different fruit pests in Iran. The most damage intensities occurred by pests in province scale and weeds in regional scale. The outbreak of secondary pest Tetranychus urticae as key one indicates human perturbations in Iran’s farming system. Tehran province enjoyed diverse apple cultivars contrary to other provinces, which are poor in diversification. The predominant outlook to choose a cultivar among apple growers was marketing.
A global network meta-analysis of the promotion of crop growth, yield, and quality by bioeffectors
(2022) Herrmann, Michelle Natalie; Wang, Yuan; Hartung, Jens; Hartmann, Tobias; Zhang, Wei; Nkebiwe, Peteh Mehdi; Chen, Xinping; Müller, Torsten; Yang, Huaiyu
Bioeffector (BE) application is emerging as a strategy for achieving sustainable agricultural practices worldwide. However, the effect of BE on crop growth and quality is still controversial and there is still no adequate impact assessment that determines factors on the efficiency of BE application. Therefore, we carried out a network metaanalysis on the effect of BEs using 1,791 global observations from 186 studies to summarize influencing factors and the impact of BEs on crop growth, quality, and nutrient contents. The results show that BEs did not only improve plant growth by around 25% and yield by 30%, but also enhanced crop quality, e.g., protein (55% increase) and soluble solids content (75% increase) as well as aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) content by 28 and 40%, respectively. The comparisons among BE types demonstrated that especially non-microbial products, such as extracts and humic/amino acids, have the potential to increase biomass growth by 40–60% and aboveground P content by 54–110%. The soil pH strongly influenced the efficiency of the applied BE with the highest effects in acidic soils. Our results showed that BEs are most suitable for promoting the quality of legumes and increasing the yield of fruits, herbs, and legumes. We illustrate that it is crucial to optimize the application of BEs with respect to the right application time and technique (e.g., placement, foliar). Our results provide an important basis for future research on the mechanisms underlying crop improvement by the application of BEs and on the development of new BE products.
Grape pomace's potential on semi‐arid soil health enhances performance of maize, wheat, and grape crops
(2023) Mpanga, Isaac K.; Neumann, Günter; Brown, Judith K.; Blankinship, Joseph; Tronstad, Russell; Idowu, Omololu
Background: Grape pomace (GP) is a by-product of wineries after filtering the grape juice for wine production. GP contains seeds, pulp, skin, and stalks with acidic properties, and it is normally composted before using as a soil amendment. However, composting GP requires more time, labor, and equipment; furthermore, composting loses some of the desirable organic acids for arid soils. The acidic properties of these organic acids and the plant nutrients in GP make it a desirable amendment for arid soils in both non-composted and composted forms. Aim: This study investigates the potential of directly applying GP as a soil amendment and its impact on arid soil health and plant performance. Methods: To test the potential of non-composted GP as a soil amendment, greenhouse and field studies were conducted by combining GP with existing management practices (manure application for soil used in the greenhouse study and fertigation for the field study) to assess the effects of GP on soil health and crop (maize, wheat, and grape) performance. Results: Adding 5% GP to an alkaline soil significantly increased maize and wheat growth and shoot nutrient concentrations in the greenhouse and grapes in the field (48% yield increase). The significance of GP on maize, wheat, and grapes was associated with soil nutrient enhancements (i.e., nutrients supplied, increase in organic matter and microbial biomass increase, reduction in pH, and better nutrient mobilization). Conclusion: GP has the potential for direct use as a soil amendment for soil and crop health improvement, especially in arid soils with high pH and limited soil organic matter.
Nachhaltigkeit der russischen Landwirtschaft - die Region Tambov und das Betriebsbewertungssystem RISE
(2017) Komzolova, Marina; Doluschitz, Reiner
Agriculture is currently being faced by great challenges. It must meet to the ever increasing demand for food and at the same time meet to the growing demand on product quality, use resources efficiently while simultaneously ensuring that environmental impact is reduced in the long run. For this reason, the concept of sustainable development and sustainable agriculture is becoming prominently important in the international discussions. The Sustainability aspect is becoming increasingly important in communicating with the society and in politics. Also, demand for sustainability is becoming stronger for agricultural enterprises. However, there is no universal agreement on what sustainable agriculture means. In Russia, a common understanding of sustainability and the sustainability concept in agriculture is also missing. The aim of this thesis is therefore to present a model for sustainable agriculture in general and for Russia in particular. The actual status of sustainable agricultural enterprises in Russia is not known. To comprehensively solve this issue, 20 agricultural enterprises in the Tambov region in Russia were surveyed and analyzed. For this purpose, RISE-program, an indicator-based method for holistic assessment of sustainability of agricultural production at the operational level, was applied. The improved version “RISE 2.0” evaluates the ecological, economic and social sustainability of agri-cultural production using ten indicators, each calculated from four to seven parameters. The results of the present work shows that all surveyed enterprises in the Tambov region have deficits in the ecological, social and economic areas. The overall RISE assessment showed that sustainability is limited by various aspects of soil protection, nutrient flow, plant protection and biodiversity, working conditions, quality of life as well as economic viability. The current subsistence strategy can be improved with regard to these areas. Using the RISE-assessment, it was found out that the ecological aspect of sustainability was particularly deficit in the surveyed enterprises, and especially in regard to land use. It was established that agricultural production had a very negative impact on the soil condition. This is why it is important to point out to the political decision-makers and farmers the economic consequences of soil degradation and support this with figures and concrete examples. Costs associated with soil quality degradation as a consequence of water erosion were also calculated in this thesis. Results of the present study indicate that the possible costs of soil quality degradation due to water erosion ranges from 8.5 to 8.8 million Euros per year in the Tambov region, 152 million Euros per year in the Volgograd region and 2.49 billion Euros per year in Russia. However, these figures are based on assumptions due to lack of quantitative and qualitative data. Yet, even rough estimates shows that increasing soil quality degradation leads to utility and social welfare losses in Russia and therefore the urgency to invest in sustainable land use. Several soil conservation measures have been developed and supported by agricultural research. The available methods of soil conservation are often not used. A cost-benefit analysis for soil conservation measures was carried out in this study. The study demonstrated that there are numerous possibilities to provide soil conservation through farming strategies without accruing high costs. These include soil-conserving tillage, use of organic fertilizers, intercropping plants for fertilization and use of grain legumes in crop rotation. The framework requirements (institutional, financial, political and knowledge management and the flow of information) for compacting land degradation in Russia were pointed out. Additionally, recommendations for agricultural practices, advice, administration and policy could be derived in order to improve on sustainability, and in particular, sustainable land use in the Russian agriculture. As was already indicated above, these measures have higher single operational benefits than associated costs. This should encourage managers to reduce prejudice against environmental specifications and to get them more involved in soil conservation. In the case of the farmers, they have to develop a “soil awareness” for the most important factors of production. Advisory organizations are recommended to improve on communications regarding soil conservation measures and to optimize on research findings implementation. Politicians and the administration must shape the Russian’s soil conservation political framework in order to spread the application of soil conservation measures. This can be achieved through direct support for the application of sustainable technologies. This encourages and leads to increased motivation in the use of environmentally-friendly techniques and practices.
On the interplay of local versus global environmental and economic performance of Swiss alpine dairy farms
(2017) Repar, Nina; Doluschitz, Reiner
This cumulative dissertation consists of a general introduction (Chapter 1), three scientific papers (Chapters 2, 3 and 4) and a general conclusion (Chapter 5). The first peer-reviewed paper presented in Chapter 2 is of a conceptual nature. Based on a comprehensive and systematic review of the farm-level environmental performance indicators found in scientific literature, it shows that several of these indicators are inconsistently defined and inappropriate for the purpose of farm environmental performance assessment. This is due to the lack of conceptual considerations behind their definition. In the second step, starting from the environmental sustainability concept at macro level, the paper develops conceptual considerations on how to implement this concept at farm level into theoretically sound and consistent indicators of farm environmental performance. Based on the environmental sustainability concept viewed from an ecological perspective and on the associated ecosystem’s carrying capacity (constraint) concept, it distinguishes between the carrying capacity of the global ecosystem and that of the local ecosystem. Relying on this distinction, it proposes to differentiate between the global and local environmental performance of a farm. Whereas farm global environmental performance relates the cradle-to-farm gate (i.e. off- and on-farm) environmental impacts to the biophysical farm output, farm local environmental performance focuses on local on-farm environmental impact generation and relates it to the local on-farm area. The second peer-reviewed paper (Chapter 3) consists in an empirical application of the framework developed in Chapter 2. This application was carried out for a sample of 56 Swiss dairy farms, for which very detailed and comprehensive cradle-to-farm gate life cycle assessments (LCAs) were conducted. Farm global environmental performance was assessed as the farm digestible energy output for humans per unit of cradle-to-farm gate environmental impact. Farm local environmental performance was measured by the on-farm land area per unit of on-farm environmental impact. The paper investigates the relationships within the environmental performance dimension (i.e. between farm global and local environmental performance), and between the environmental and economic performance dimensions. The results showed the complexity of the relationships between farm global and local environmental performance. Trade-offs occurred more frequently than synergies, implying that an improvement in farm global environmental performance regarding one environmental issue will likely lead to a deterioration in farm local environmental performance regarding at least one other issue, and vice versa. These trade-offs highlight the challenging and complex nature of the improvement of the environmental sustainability of farming and provide clear evidence that farm environmental performance cannot and should not be reduced to a single “one size fits all” indicator. Our work furthermore showed the existence of synergies between farm global environmental and economic performance. The third peer-reviewed paper (Chapter 4) relies on the same dataset as used in Chapter 3. It investigates different structural, farm management, socio-demographic, technological and natural-environment-related determinants of the economic and environmental performance of dairying. It aims to identify the factors with the potential to simultaneously improve farm global environmental, local environmental and economic performance. The results revealed the existence of some factors presenting synergies and several factors showing trade-offs in the enhancement of these three dimensions of the sustainable performance of a farm. Organic farming, higher agricultural education level of the farm manager, the production of silage-free milk, and also, however to a weaker extent, full-time farming, larger farm size and a lower intensity of cattle concentrates use were identified as factors that allow global environmental, local environmental and economic performance to be improved simultaneously. More generally, the promotion of farm global environmental performance and farm economic performance was shown to be synergetic whereas the enhancement of farm global and local environmental performance turned out to be mostly antinomic. The core implications and related recommendations derived from the findings of this work are twofold. First, the conceptually correct measurement of farm environmental performance imperatively requires (i) the separate implementation of global and local environmental performance indicators as proposed in the framework and (ii) the consideration of both global and local dimensions to avoid environmental problem shifting from local to global scale and vice versa. This is especially necessary as the empirical application for Swiss alpine dairy farming found several trade-offs between farm global and local environmental performance. This empirical finding has far-reaching implications, especially if it is to be confirmed for other types of farms and other countries. The second core finding of this dissertation relates to the possibilities for improving the environmental and economic sustainability of Swiss alpine dairy farming. This work showed that there are some factors, namely organic farming, higher agricultural education level of the farm manager, the production of silage-free milk, and also, however to a weaker extent, lower intensity of concentrates use, larger farm size and full-time farming, which allow farm global environmental, local environmental and economic performance to be improved simultaneously.
Social-ecologically more sustainable agricultural production
(2023) von Cossel, Moritz; Castro-Montoya, Joaquín; Iqbal, Yasir
Soil microorganisms as hidden miners of phosphorus in soils under different cover crop and tillage treatments
(2022) Hallama, Moritz; Kandeler, Ellen
Phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting plant nutrients for agricultural production. The soil microbial community plays a key role in nutrient cycling, affecting access of roots to P, as well as mobilization and mineralization of organic P (Porg). This thesis aimed to better understand the potential of cover crops to enhance plant-soil-microbe interactions to improve the availability of P. This dissertation consists of a meta-analysis of and two field experiments. The used methods showed that microbial P, the activity of P-cycling enzymes and PLFAs increased under cover crops, indicating an enhanced potential for organic P cycling. Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and to a lesser extent also arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, increased their abundance with cover crops. However, saprotrophic fungi could benefit most from the substrate input derived from cover crop roots or litter. Enzyme-stable Porg shifted towards pools of a greater lability in the active soil compartments (rhizosheath and detritusphere). The effects of agricultural management, such as cover crop species choice and tillage, were detectable, but weaker compared to the effect of the presence of cover crops. With the obtained results, the research aims of this thesis could be successfully addressed. We were able to confirm that cover crops have the potential to improve main crops’ access to P. Furthermore, we presented and discussed three pathways of P benefit. In the plant biomass pathway, P is cycled through cover crop biomass and becomes available for the main crop upon litter decomposition. The microbial enhancement pathway describes how the cover crop’s interaction with soil microbes increases their abundance and activity, thereby increasing the availability of Porg. Some cover crop species seem to be capable of utilizing a biochemical modification pathway, where changes in the sorption capacity of the soil result in a greater quantity of plant-available phosphate. However, the latter pathway was apparently not important in the crop rotations used in our field experiments. The data also allowed us to characterize ways in which plant-soil-microbe interactions under cover crops affected the relationship of soil microbial functions to the enzymatic availability of Porg pools. Cover crops increased the abundance and activity of microbes, especially fungi, as well as microbial P. This enhancement in P-cycling potential shifted Porg toward pools of greater availability to added enzymes. However, the relation between enzymes and Porg pools is complex and is possibly affected by soil P composition and other site characteristics, indicating the need for further research in this area. Finally, we elucidated how the choice of cover crop species and agricultural management can shift the relative importance of the pathways for the P benefit of the main crop, while site-specific management allows farmers to adapt to local conditions and to optimize the functions of their agroecosystems. In conclusion, our results indicate that the pathways of cover crop derived P benefit take place simultaneously. We confirmed the potential of cover crop biomass for the cycling of P, and we suggest that our observed increases in the availability of soil Porg are related to microbial abundance and activity. The interactions of cover cropping and tillage indicate also that P benefit can be optimized by management decisions. Finally, these new insights into soil phosphorus cycling in agroecosystems have the potential to support further development of more sustainable agricultural systems.
Testing plant growth promoting microorganisms in the field - a proposal for standards
(2024) Neuhoff, Daniel; Neumann, Günter; Weinmann, Markus
In the European Union and worldwide there are a burgeoning markets for plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) and other biological agents as soil improvers, bio-fertilizers, plant bio-stimulants, and biological control agents or bio-pesticides. Microbial agents have a major share in this development. The use of such products is often advertised with the promise of contributing to sustainable agricultural practices by increasing crop growth and yield and offering an alternative or substitute to decrease the dependency of agriculture on hazardeous agrochemicals. In contrast to registered microbial plant protection products, PGPM that are marketed in the EU as soil improvers or plant biostimulants, are not strictly required to have proven minimum efficacy levels under field conditions. Manufacturers only have to ensure that these products do not pose unacceptable risks to human, animal or plant health, safety or the environment. Uniform guidelines comparable to the EPPO - standards (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation) to test the efficacy in field trials are not available. This paper attempts to fill the gap. It proposes guidelines for PGPM field trial design and implementation, as well as recommendations for the type and scope of data collection and evaluation. Selected research papers from literature were evaluated to analyze, whether and to what extent the requirements are already met. The majority of the papers had a clear experimental design followed by proper data evaluation. Frequent deficiencies were the low number of tested environments and crop species, insufficient site and agronomic management description and missing data on soil humidity and temperature. Using the suggested standards is assumed to increase the expressive power of tested microbial products.

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