Browsing by Subject "Stress severity index"

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Screening tools for late drought resistance in tropical potato
(2023) Hölle, Julia; Asch, Folkard
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a drought sensitive crop, and even short drought spells or infrequent irrigation during stolon formation, tuber initiation, or tuber bulking reduces tuber yields. A number of morphological traits have been described that potentially improve genotypic performance of potato under moisture deficit conditions. In breeding processes, a large set of genotypes are tested at the same time and because the genotypes differ in their phenology, various phenological stages occur simultaneously in the field. Consequently, during a drought spell different varieties will be subjected to soil moisture deficit at different phenological stages. We tested thirteen contrasting genotypes under field conditions in a desert in South Peru in four different irrigation treatments at two different soil types. The irrigation was withheld after 50, 65 and 80 days after planting until final harvest after 120 days. Sequential harvests, remote sensing and phenological evaluation was conducted in five to ten-days intervals. In literature, the belowground and aboveground development of potato has been described as closely and linearly related, meaning that in many studies belowground development is estimated according to aboveground development. The synchrony of the aboveground and belowground development is strongly influenced by both, water deficit and development stage at drought initiation. Under early drought, the aboveground development was accelerated and belowground development slowed. The opposite was found at later development stages. The earlier drought was initiated, the longer the tuber-filling phase, while the bulking phase was shortened. Water deficit also slowed down the aboveground development of flowering by a couple of days. In further drought experiments it is important to evaluated the belowground development separately, as we cannot conclude from the above to the belowground development stage. In conventional breeding experiments often only one final harvest is used to analyze the final tuber yield. This proceeding do not describe under which circumstances like stress intensity the tuber yield was achieved. Genotype evaluation in breeding experiments often relies only on visual evaluation of the aboveground biomass with no harvest of the plant. Besides the phenological stage at drought initiation the stress severity is another important aspect to determinate the drought stress response of potato genotypes. The stress severity depends on the water availability in term of soil water tension and the drought duration. In this study we developed a stress severity index (SSI) which combines all three important parameters, phenology, soil water tension and drought duration. With this SSI the selection processes should be improved and genotypes can be compared independently from environment, seasons and years. The SSI combines the yield response of potato to water deficit based on the soil tension the genotype was subjected to for the duration of the stress modified by the development stage of the genotype and drought duration. SSI allows for comparison of genotypic performance independent of year, location, season, soil type effects, and drought scenario. An SSI value of up to 1000 is able to differentiate between sensitive genotypes from more resistant genotypes. Beyond 1000, yields were generally reduced by more than 60% and a differentiation between genotypes was not possible anymore. SSI allows accumulating stress severity and thus, the higher the yield at a high SSI the stronger are the plants defense and adaptation mechanisms. Therefore, other indices that have looked into stay-green syndrome, rooting depth adaptations, leaf surface temperature, or canopy reflectance indices with only medium success, may benefit from including SSI in their indices to identify the underlying mechanisms of drought tolerance in potato. Remote sensing allows to evaluated many genotype simultaneously at field level. Proven indicators in drought tolerance screening are the normalized vegetation index (NDVI), the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and thermography which describes the transpirational cooling of the leaves. Therefore, the last objective of this study was to validate the suitability of the SSI in remote-sensing stress diagnosis. The cluster analysis, including SSI, tuber yield reduction, NDVI, PRI and thermography identified three SSI groups with their corresponding physiological reactions under drought. The first group include SSI<1000 with fast decreasing NDVI, PRI and temperature deficit, in the second group matched SSI values from 1000 to 2000 with almost constant NDVI and temperature deficit and in the third group we found SSI beyond 2000 with corresponding small changes of NDVI, PRI and temperature deficit. The combination of these four parameters (tuber yield reduction, NDVI, PRI, thermography) explained 76 % of the variance which indicates this combination as valuable dataset analyzing drought tolerance in potato. Thus, combining these indicators with SSI and tuber yield reduction proved to be a first promising step for a new screening method for drought tolerance in a wider genotypic range. Whereas reflectance data can be recommended for assessing responses under mild to moderate stress severity, thermal imaging should rather be used to screen under mild or early drought stress.