Browsing by Subject "Protea"

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    Interactions between protea plants and their animal mutualists and antagonists are structured more by energetic than morphological trait matching
    (2022) Neu, Alexander; Cooksley, Huw; Esler, Karen J.; Pauw, Anton; Roets, Francois; Schurr, Frank M.; Schleuning, Matthias
    Traits mediate mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and animals, and should thus be useful for predicting trophic species interactions. Studies to date have examined the importance of morphological trait matching for plant–animal interactions, but have rarely explored the extent to which these interactions are shaped by matching between energetic provisions of plants and energetic demands of animals. We tested whether energetic and/or morphological trait matching shapes interactions between Protea plant species and their interacting animal mutualists and antagonists in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. We recorded interactions between 22 Protea species, pollinating insects and vertebrates as well as seed predators (endophagous insect larvae in protea cones) at 21 study sites. To relate species interactions to matching trait pairs, we measured key morphological traits (shape and size of flower heads and seed cones, and mouth part length as well as body length) and quantified the animals' energetic demands (metabolic rate) together with the plants' energetic provisions (nectar sugar amount, seed‐to‐cone mass ratio). We calculated log ratios of both energetic and morphological traits between animals and plants as predictor variables for the number of observed interactions between Protea species and their animal interaction partners. For both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, we found significant effects of morphological and energetic trait ratios on the interactions between plants and animals. Trait ratios accounted for 11% to 22% of variation in species interactions. Consistent with energetic trait matching, we found a hump‐shaped relationship between interaction frequency and log ratios of energetic traits of animals and plants, indicating that interactions were most frequent at intermediate log ratios between energetic demand and provision. Effects of morphological trait ratios on interactions were statistically supported in most cases, but were variable in the magnitude and shape of the predicted relationships. Across animal taxa and interaction types, energetic traits had more consistent effects on interactions between plants and animals than morphological traits. This suggests that energy can function as an important interaction currency and facilitate the understanding and prediction of trophic species interactions.
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    Spatial and functional determinants of long-term fecundity in serotinous shrub communities
    (2016) Nottebrock, Henning; Schurr, Frank
    Understanding the dynamics of biological communities is a central aim of ecological research. Contemporary environmental change reinforced this interest: in order to predict how communities will react to environmental change, we have to understand the processes driving their dynamics. Ultimately, the dynamics of a community depends on the reproduction, mortality and dispersal of its component individuals, and on how these demographic processes are altered by environmental factors and biotic interactions. A general understanding of biological communities is unlikely to arise from a species-specific approach that attempts to quantify all pairwise interactions between species. Instead, it seems promising to pursue a trait-based research program that quantifies how variation in the performance of species and individuals is shaped by the interplay of functional traits, biotic interactions and environmental factors. In this thesis, I investigated how functional plant traits determine plant-plant, plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions in space and time, and how these spatiotemporal interactions affect the long-term fecundity of plants. In the South African Fynbos biome (a global biodiversity hotspot), I studied a species-rich, ecologically and economically important group of woody plants (genus Protea) and its interactions with pollinators and seed predators. The objectives of this thesis were: (1) to combine plant traits and high-resolution maps of Protea communities in order to quantify the landscapes of nectar sugar and seed crops that plant communities provide for pollinators and seed predators, (2) to examine how sugar landscapes shape pollinator behaviour, and how pollinator behaviour and pollinator-mediated interactions between plants affect the reproduction of Protea individuals, (3) to study how the spatial structure of plant communities and seed crop landscapes determine direct and predator-mediated interactions between plants, and (4) to understand how the interplay of these biotic interactions shapes the dynamics of plant communities. I addressed these objectives by analysing spatially-explicit data and high-resolution maps from 27 sites of 4 ha each that contained 129,750 plants of 22 Protea species. The results show that Protea plants and their pollinators interact on several spatial and temporal scales, and that these interactions are shaped by sugar landscapes. Within plants, inflorescences compete for pollination. At a neighbourhood scale, Protea reproduction benefits from nectar sugar of conspecific neighbours but not from heterospecific neighbour sugar. Seed set also increases with the amount of nectar sugar at the scale of entire study sites. This corresponds with the finding that the abundance and the visitation rates of key bird pollinators strongly depend on phenological variation of site-scale sugar amounts. Nectar sugar furthermore influences the strength of interactions between Protea species and bird pollinators: Protea species that provide nectar of high sugar concentration depend more strongly on bird pollinators to reproduce. When foraging in sugar landscapes, these bird pollinators show both temporal specialization on single plant species and a preference for common plant species. In addition to these pollinator-mediated interactions, the long-term fecundity of Protea individuals is reduced through both competition and apparent competition mediated by seed predators. Competition is stronger between conspecifics than between heterospecifics, whereas apparent competition shows no such differentiation. The intensity of competition between plants depends on their size and the intensity of apparent competition between plants depends on their seed crops. Moreover, competition has a stronger effect on plant fecundity than apparent competition. These findings have interesting implications for understanding the dynamics of Protea communities and the maintenance of plant diversity in the Fynbos biome. The positive interspecific density-dependence resulting from pollinator-mediated interactions causes community-level Allee effects that may lead to extinction cascades. My analyses also imply that competition stabilizes the coexistence of Protea species (because intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition), whereas apparent competition via seed predators does not have such a stabilizing effect. In summary, this study highlights the benefits of ‘community demography’, the demographic study of multiple interacting species. Community demographic studies have the potential to identify general determinants of biotic interactions that act across species and communities. In this thesis, I identified nectar sugar and seed crops as interaction currencies that determine how multiple plant species interact through shared pollinators and seed predators. In megadiverse systems such as Fynbos, such generalizations are urgently needed to understand and forecast community dynamics. The analysis of community dynamics with respect to such interaction currencies provides an alternative to the classical species-specific approach in community ecology.