Browsing by Subject "Photovoltaic"

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Technical evaluation of a solar-biomass flatbed dryer for maize cobs drying in Rwanda
(2023) Ntwali, Janvier; Romuli, Sebastian; Bonzi, Joévin Wiomou; Müller, Joachim
The persistent problem of postharvest losses in the maize value chain poses an arduous challenge for smallholder farmers in Rwanda, ultimately reducing their market bargaining power. As a consequence, there is an exacerbated disparity in revenues that makes farmers, predominantly female farmers, more vulnerable. The existing drying facilities are based on ambient air drying with a long drying time and the alternative mechanical dryers use mostly fossil fuels which is not a sustainable solution. A solar-biomass hybrid flatbed dryer for maize cobs drying was designed and constructed in the high-altitude volcanic zone of Rwanda. The objective was to provide farmers with an affordable and sustainable drying system with a high drying rate compared to the existing method. In this study, we present the results of the technical evaluation of the dryer to rate its capacity to dry maize cobs to the recommended moisture content. Energy balance was assessed by temperature sensors, airflow distribution was measured with a vane anemometer and the solar radiation from weather station were compared to the solar system data recorded through a datalogging charge controller. Maize was dried in three batches and the moisture content was measure with oven method. Results showed a uniform distribution of airflow on the dryer perforated flow. The burner consumed on average 6 kg of empty cobs per hour and the burner efficiency was 59.4 %. The solar system provided a maximum daily yield of 2.6 kWh, and the battery was able to maintain the system during days of low solar energy availability. Maize cobs were dried from an average moisture content of 23.0 % to 13.7 % in an average period of 90.6 hours. This drying time was significantly lower compared to the already existing system which uses more than 6 weeks. The results prove that the solar-Biomass hybrid flatbed dryer was appropriate for drying maize cobs to the recommended moisture content and thus reduce the risk of postharvest losses in maize value chain in Rwanda. The dryer might be further improved by combining the burner with a solar heating system to further reduce the biomass mass consumption.
The impact of agrivoltaics on crop production
(2022) Weselek, Axel; Lewandowski, Iris
Facing the consequences of global warming and climate change, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most prior tasks of todays society and policymakers. To achieve this, energy generation is currently transformed towards a reduced utilization of fossil fuels and its replacement through an increased expansion of renewable energy sources. In this context, one challenge will be to spare land resources and diminish potential land use conflicts, in particular between food and energy production. An approach to accomplish this, can be the utilization of production-integrated technologies such as agrivoltaic systems (AV). Agrivoltaic systems are photovoltaic systems specifically adapted for its application in combination with agricultural production. For this, AV systems are installed above or on agricultural fields with certain technical adaptions, enabling agricultural production to be continued. First described in 1981, this approach was taken up in the early 2000s with first AV pilot systems being developed. In first experiments in South-France it has been shown, that through the combined utilization of agricultural land for food and energy production, AV can contribute to an increment of total land productivity. While electrical yields can be increased with an increasing density of the photovoltaic modules mounted above, the proportion of light available for the plants grown underneath and consequently also agricultural yields are reduced. The aim of the present work was to examine, whether the results from these first experiments on crop production under AV can also be transferred to conditions in more moderate climates and also account for crops other than the so far investigated ones. The following four research objectives were defined: 1.) To what extent is plant-available radiation reduced by the solar panels of the AV system? 2.) How does this effect parameters of aerial and soil climate? 3.) How do the cultivated crops respond to the altered cropping conditions with regard to plant growth and development? 4.) Which consequences does this have regarding the yields and the chemical composition of the investigated crop-species? In order to examine these research objectives, a field experiment has been established underneath an experimental AV pilot facility in Southwest-Germany, near Lake Constance. Four different types of crops (grass clover, potatoes, celery and winter wheat) have been selected and cultivated underneath the AV system and on an adjacent reference area for comparison within a two-year experiment. Various microclimatic parameters were recorded in a high-resolution monitoring including all investigated crops on both sites. Crop growth and development was monitored in regular intervals during vegetation period. The harvestable yields of both experimental sites, including crop-specific yield components, were recorded and partially supplemented with an analysis of chemical compounds. The results show, that crop production under an APV system is affected in several ways. Under the given climatic conditions, losses in harvestable yields as a consequence of a reduction of crop-available radiation are most likely. Exceptional years such as 2018 suggest however, that cultivation under AV can have advantages for crop production, in particular under dry and hot climatic conditions. In order to fully exploit this potential, the application of the APV thus seems to be most suitable for more dry climatic regions, whereby innovations and developments in AV technology as well as an improved water management can facilitate a further optimization. Regardless of this, potential conflicts of interest with regard to land use cannot be ruled out and require the integration of agrivoltaics in the existing legislation.