Browsing by Subject "Oil content"

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Einfluss von Anbauverfahren und Umweltfaktoren auf Ertrag, Qualität und agronomische Eigenschaften von Soja (Glycine max L. Merrill)
(2021) Sobko, Olena; Gruber, Sabine
With a crude protein content of approximately 40% and a crude fat content of approximately 20% in the seeds, soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is one of the worlds most important crops with a wide range of uses. The high-quality soybean protein is an important component of animal feed in dairy and meat production. Soybean oil is often used in human nutrition, and with increasing vegetarian or vegan diets, protein-rich foods made from soybean are in high demand. In practical farming, soybean is a beneficial crop in crop rotations because it can fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with rhizobia, making the plant self-sufficient in nitrogen supply. Since soybean cultivation has no tradition in Germany, optimization of the cultivation technique is required. The present work is about the elaboration of efficient cultivation techniques for soybean in Germany. In three publications, based on three multi-year as well as multi-location and orthogonal field trials, the effects of sowing density and sowing system on yield, protein, and oil content as well as on agronomic properties of soybean are investigated in several varieties from different maturity groups. In addition, the effects of temperature, precipitation and solar radiation on yield, oil content, and protein content have been investigated to identify potential locations for specific production priorities. In the first publication (published in Agronomy Journal MDPI), the results from trials over two years and two locations in southern Germany with four soybean varieties of different maturity groups (00, 000) and growth types with either drill seeding (row spacing 14 cm) or precision seeding (row spacing 28 cm) are presented. To answer the question of which seeding method is more efficient, the following characteristics have been investigated, namely seed yield and yield structure, protein and oil content, LAI, plant height, height of the first pod set, lodging, and nodule numbers. The sowing system did not significantly affect the tested traits, and there was little difference in yield and qualities (seed yield: 3.6 t ha-1 DM, protein content: 40.9 % DM, oil content: 18.8 % DM for drill seeding; seed yield: 3.8 t ha-1 DM, protein content: 40.1 % DM, oil content: 19.1 % DM for precision seeding). These results are very helpful for soybean producers, because they do not need to invest in new sowing technique but can sow with sowing machines which are already available on the farm. The second publication (published in Plant, Soil and Environment) is about the effects of sowing density of soybean with four varieties of maturity groups 00 and 000. Four sowing densities (30, 50, 70, and 90 seeds m-2) were tested over two years and two locations in southern Germany. The lowest seed yield (3.2 t ha-1 DM was obtained at a sowing density of 30 seeds m-2 and the highest at 90 seeds m-2 (4.4 t ha-1 DM). The 00 varieties (3.6 t ha-1 DM) were higher yielding than the 000 varieties (3.4 t ha-1 DM). Sowing density did not affect seed quality characteristics. Plants were more susceptible to lodging with increasing sowing density. The lowest pod set was 4 cm higher at a sowing density of 90 seeds m-2 (13.4 cm) than at 30 seeds m-2 (9.4 cm). Increasing sowing density could reduce yield losses due to threshing because the height of the first pod set was increased at high sowing densities. Consequently, the optimum soybean seed rate would be between 50 and 70 seeds m-2 for 00 and 000 varieties at the tested locations and similar regions in Germany. In the third publication (published in Agronomy Journal MDPI), the influences of environmental factors on yield, protein and oil content, and protein and oil yield of soybean in Germany have been investigated. In the two-year field trials, 13 soybean varieties from maturity groups 00 and 000 were tested at several locations across Germany (four in 2016 and five in 2017). The 000 varieties were less sensitive to environmental factors compared to the 00 varieties. Regardless of maturity group, high solar radiation and appropriate precipitation tended to increase seed yields (r seed yield / solar radiation = 0.32 and r seed yield / solar radiation = 0.33). High temperatures at maturity reduced the productivity but provided slightly higher protein contents in 000 varieties (r protein content / CHU at maturity = 0.23). The locations that are not at risk for water stress would be suitable for soybean production if protein or oil yield is the primary concern. Overall, this study indicates that a sowing density of 50-70 seeds m-2 in combination with varieties of appropriate maturity groups could promote soybean cultivation in Germany. In dry locations, a lower sowing density is advisable in contrast to locations with more precipitation. Additional costs for the adaptation of technical equipment would not be incurred, because both drill seeding and precision seeding can be applied. By matching the direction of use (protein and/or oil production) of soybean to the climatic conditions of specific regions, soybeans for food and feed can be produced in Germany with sufficient traceability for quality and food safety. Climate warming offers opportunities to extend soybean production in Germany. This thesis provides results from which recommendations can be derived that are immediately applicable in agricultural practice.