Browsing by Subject "Ochratoxin A"

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    Untersuchungen zur Belastung von Getreidestroh mit Fusarium-Toxinen und Ochratoxin A in Deutschland mit Verfügbarkeitsstudien
    (2011) Sondermann, Sarah; Drochner, Winfried
    In a two year enduring nationwide screening experiment, the occurence of 13 trichothecene toxins, as well as zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OA) in crop straw was examined, in order to enable a better assessment of the risk of exposure for farm animals through the intake of the straw. The straw samples were taken according to the ?Futtermittelprobenahme - und Analysenverordnung? and the attached questionnaires were filled out in cooperation with the farmers. Through correlation of the toxin contents with the information of the questionnaire, hints for the influence of measures of cultivation and crop farming on the toxin content of the straw were sought. Additionally, through correlation of the toxin contents with weather data, hints for the influence of the weather on the toxin content of the straw were sought. In plus, information on the occurence of masked toxins in straw should be obtained. With the help of the extensive, nationwide taking of samples, implemented by official samplers, these samples illustrate a representative average for Germany throughout the two years of investigation. A screening of straw samples of different sorts of crop from 2007 and 2008 were examined on a spectrum of 14 Fusarium toxins as well as OA, a macroscopic result for the samples was raised. A statistic evaluation of the data was made. Throughout the two years of investigation, 80 samples of wheat straw, 79 of barley straw, 11 of oat straw, 12 of rye straw, 12 of triticale straw , 1 of spelt straw and 6 of an unknown sort of straw were examined. The macroscopic results for the screening samples revealed a mostly positive figure concerning the food value, on the other hand the figure concerning the average hygienic status showed in 2007 and 2008 an evidence for slight or even distinct hygienic deficiencies. The pollution of the straw samples with a spectrum of Fusarium toxins was verified. Because the average assertained number of cooccuring toxins in the samples was 3, the possibility of a multi toxin exposure of the straw must be considered. DON was concerning the frequency of occurance and the content the dominating toxin. It occured in 83 % of the samples verifiable with an average content of 1234 µg/kg, a median content of 439 µg/kg and a range of variation of 23253 µg/kg. The trichothecenes HT-2, T-2, T-2,4, SCIRP, NIV, 15-ADON and 3-ADON were verifiable in 55, 37, 9, 9, 32, 21 and 9 % of the 201 analysed samples. FUS-X, MAS, DAS, T-2,3 and OA were detected in less than 5 % of the samples, NEO in none of them. ZEA was provable in 46 % of the 201 samples, with contents between 7 and 767 µg/kg. OA was detected in only one of the 201 straw samples, consequently there is no pollution by this storage toxin expected. A different occurence of trichothecene was observed in the 2 years of investigation. In the first year the contents of NIV, 15-ADON and ZEA were higher than in the second year. HT-2 and T-2 were significant or rather tendential existent in a higher number in the year 2008. Altogether, the pollution of the straw was higher in the year 2007, recognizable through the sensorial evaluation as well as trough the analysis of the Fusarium toxins. Wheat- and barley straw exhibited a pollution by different spectra of trichothecene, whereby the results of the two years of investigation coincided well. All in all, significant different contents of the toxins DON, 15-ADON and ZEA with higher contents in the wheat straw and the type-A trichothecenes HT- and T-2 in the barley straw could be detected. These differences in the spectrum of toxins could arose from a population of different species of Fusarium. . The high amounts of samples of wheat- and barley straw allowed a detached evaluation concerning the influences of cultivation and crop farming on the two sorts of straw on the one hand and on the other hand a geographic distribution of the toxins within Germany. The assay of the samples of straw concerning masked toxins were made with the help of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysises and an in vitro - model, which simulates the conditions in the gastro-intestinal tract of a pig. The statistic evaluation of the single experiments delivered no significant differences between the varieties with treatment compared to the varieties without treatment. So a release of possibly existing masked toxins was not verifiable with the applied methods.