Browsing by Subject "Nutritional value"

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    Investigations on nutritional characteristics of microalgae with emphasis on ruminants
    (2019) Wild, Katharina Judith; Rodehutscord, Markus
    The main objective of the present thesis was to systematically determine nutritional characteristics of microalgae and evaluate the suitability of microalgae as feedstuffs, particularly for ruminants. The experiments comprised a comprehensive characterisation of microalgae nutrient profiles with chemical-analytical methods and the determination of extent and dynamics of nutrient utilization using in vitro methods. In order to generate a comprehensive database on nutrient composition of microalgae, 16 commercial microalgae biomasses of four genera (Arthrospira, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, and Phaeodactylum) were analysed utilizing established methods for food and feed evaluation (Manuscript 1). These investigations included determination of the in vitro crude protein (CP) digestibility for pigs. Nutrient analyses showed a considerable variation particularly in concentrations of proximate nutrients, minerals, and fatty acids, both among and within genera. This variation presumably resulted from varying cultivation conditions and it was concluded that general mean values are not appropriate to characterize microalgae in terms nutrient composition. Manuscript 2 aimed to determine characteristics of the nutritional value of microalgae for ruminants utilizing different in vitro methods. The commercial biomasses included in Manuscript 1 were investigated using the Hohenheim Gas Test method. The investigations comprised the determination of several ruminal fermentation characteristics, of the energy value, and of the protein value. A three-step enzymatic in vitro system was used to estimate intestinal digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP (IDP). Ruminal fermentation of the investigated microalgae biomasses was overall low, which was indicated by an overall low level of production of gas and volatile fatty acids, and a low ruminal CP degradation. As a result of low ruminal fermentation, microalgae biomasses were characterized by high concentrations of ruminally undegradable CP (RUP; 386, 399, 315, and 263 g RUP/kg DM at passage rate of 8 %/h for Arthrospira, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, and Phaeodactylum, respectively). Thus, microalgae appear to be potential alternative protein sources for high performing animals. However, this was contradicted by low IDP, which was determined for microalgae in the present thesis for the first time (mean values for Arthrospira, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, and Phaeodactylum were 27, 43, 43, and 40 % of RUP respectively). The variation observed in nutrient profiles was reflected in several nutritional characteristics. A common objective of Manuscript 1 and Manuscript 2 was to investigate whether cell disruption affects nutritional characteristics of microalgae. In Manuscript 1, effects of cell disruption on in vitro CP digestibility for pigs were investigated and in Manuscript 2 several in vitro methods were utilized to investigate effects of cell disruption on the nutritional value of microalgae for ruminants. Mechanical cell disruption with a ball mill enhanced in vitro CP digestibility and ruminal fermentation in most of the samples, presumably by the destruction of cells and hence an increase in nutrient accessibility. Nevertheless, concerning the protein value of microalgae in ruminants, application of mechanical cell disruption cannot not be recommended because it decreased RUP but did not increase IDP so that intestinal digestible RUP was overall decreased by cell disruption. The aim of the third manuscript was to investigate the effects of variable cultivation conditions on nutrient composition and nutritional characteristics for ruminants of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated under varying conditions (saturation, nitrogen and CO2 depletion, outdoor cultivation). The obtained biomasses were analysed for their nutrient composition and their nutritional value for ruminants using different in vitro methods. Both, nutrient composition and characteristics of the nutritional value for ruminants were affected by the cultivation process. Nutrient deficient conditions had rather adverse effects in terms of digestibility, protein value, and nutrient productivity. It can be concluded that microalgae have potential as alternative protein source for ruminants. Nevertheless, this potential is contradicted by low IDP, but the findings obtained herein have to be verified in future studies. Furthermore, the results of the present thesis show that nutrient composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics of microalgae vary considerably between and in many cases even within microalgae genera. Thus, to the extent possible, it should be strived for a standardisation of cultivation conditions, in order allow better predictions of nutritional characteristics of microalgae.