Browsing by Subject "Heterozygotie"

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Lockerbeerigkeit bei Klonen von Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) : Analyse von molekularen Markern und der Einfluss von Gibberellin auf die Traubenmorphologie
(2014) Hoffmann, Petra; Blaich, Rolf
In viticulture, the architecture of the grape cluster affects the quality of the grapes. Compact grape clusters are more prone to B. cinerea infection, which reduces yield (Vail et al. 1998, Vail et al. 1991). Loose clusters have longer pedicel and rachis structures (Alleweldt 1959) and are less susceptible to B. cinerea. For this reason, the cultivation of clones with the loose cluster trait is of great interest. Loose clusters can result from the application of phytohormones, the spacing of the flower clusters, the thinning of fruit, or a reduced pruning. These treatments reduce berry set and promote pedicle elongation when applied to clones with compact clusters (Alleweldt 1959). Genetically based loose clustered grape phenotypes occur among grapevine cultivars. In this study we are able to differentitate between losse and compact clones using the marker FlExp2 on the basis of sequence data. The loose cluster clones show a 4 bp deletion at 219-222 bp and a C/T transition at 231 bp, unlike the compact cluster clones. In all tested Pinot ssp. clones, the sequence correlated to the phenotype. The marker was tested on other varieties such as Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Cardinal and White Chasselas. The phenotypes were again consistent with the sequence. In the case of loose clustered table grapes, a deletion occurs instead of the transition at 231 bp. Additionally, the variety White Gutedel demonst- rated a C/T transition at 217 bp. These results were confirmed by sequencing 30 clo- nes (loose and compact clusters) in two repetitions in both directions. Both markers shwoed two fragments with a four bp difference. The amplification products are a In- del/SNP mutation for loose cluster and a „CTTT“ mutation for copmact cluster grapes.The CAPS and the SCAR marker identified that the trait of bunch architecture is heterozygous. The sequence of the amplification products was distinct for loose and compact cluster types. The SCAR marker shows two amplification products at 162 bp and 166 bp and the CAPS marker at 283 bp and 287 bp. The heterozygosity didn ́t produce a molecular marker for the MAS. In silico, analysis shows that the identified locus is in the Exon in the Vlexp1 gene. This gene is an expansin gene which is responsible for cell elongation (McQueen- Mason 1992). A part of the role which the hormones play in grape Morphology was analyzed in this study. The inflorescences of the genetically loose clustered clone 1-84 Gm did not show increased gibberellin concentration, indicating that gibberellin does not have a influence on the genetic based loose clone (1-84 Gm). However, the auxin concentra- tion in inflorescences of loose cluster clones increases earlier and remains high lon- ger than in those of the compact cluster clone 18 Gm. After a treatment with gib- berellin, the clone 1-84 Gm exhibited increased concentration of both gibberellin and auxin and formed even looser clusters. Similarly, the same treatment applied to the compact clone 18 Gm resulted in looser clusters and increased concentration of gib- berellin and auxin with a higher concentration of auxin for a longer period of time. It remains unclear precisely how the gibberellin treatment induces looser clusters. It may be that there is an interaction between gibberellin and auxin or that the auxin alone causes the cell extension. It remains an open question whether expansin toge- ther with gibberellin or auxin is responsible for the development of loose clusters, or if it is caused by a gibberellin auxin interaction. The growth pattern of the stalks and inflorescences were identified in order to put these results in context with the results of the hormone and genetic analysis. The stalks and inflorescences of the treated and untreated clones were measured weekly before GA3-application and continued four weeks after application. The growth of the flower clusters ended three weeks af- ter anthesis while the stalks grew continuously. In the loose cluster clone 1-84 Gm, the growth of stalks and flower clusters was significantly larger than in the compact cluster clone 18 Gm. The growth behavior of the peclone 18 Gm when treated with gibberellin was identical to the clone 1-84 Gm without gibberellin treatment. Gib- berellin treatment caused a significant increase in the growth of the stalk and flower clusters. The treated loose cluster clones formed the largest stalks while the untrea- ted compact cluster clone 18 Gm the smallest. Such clone growth behavior results in loose cluster architecture.
Recurrent selection for increased outcrossing rates of barley from semi-arid regions of Syria and Jordan
(2010) Nandety, Aruna; Geiger, Hartwig H.
Improving the grain yield in drought stress environments such as the semi-arid areas of the West Asia North Africa (WANA) region has been a persistent problem since many years. Although barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely grown in this region, the possibility of a crop failure is high. Being an autogamous crop, barley cultivars display almost complete homozygosity. Population genetic studies have shown that heterozygous barley genotypes possess a significantly increased stress tolerance, thus, being superior in both the level and stability of yielding performance. Therefore, increasing the level of heterozygosity in barley was the general aim of this study. For this purpose, a new marker-assisted recurrent selection (RS) approach was developed and applied to a genetically broad based world collection of barley germplasm. The specific objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the efficacy of the above approach, (2) to determine the gain in heterozygosity over four RS cycles and to evaluate the selection results in a final experiment under common environmental conditions, (3) to estimate the selection differential, response to selection and realized heritability and (4) to provide barley materials with increased heterozygosity to plant breeding programs in the WANA region. Applying the RS approach, only plants showing superior levels of heterozygosity at co-dominant molecular marker (SSR) loci were advanced to successive selection cycles. These heterozygous plants were expected to carry a combination of advantageous alleles a) for open flowering from the female parent, and b) for pollen shedding from the male parent. For marker assessment, bulking of the plants and multiplexing of the SSR markers was practised in each selection cycle to save time and labour. The most polymorphic bulks were genotyped plant-wise and seed of the most heterozygous plants was advanced to the subsequent RS cycles. In the course of the RS experiment, a base population was compiled from 201 gene bank accessions held by the ?International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas? (ICARDA) and the ?Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research? (IPK) in Germany. Selection led to a stepwise increase in the heterozygosity from 0.60% in the base population to 3.24% after four cycles of selection. In the base population, the six-rowed landraces showed higher heterozygosity than the two-rowed. Selection response was highest in the first RS cycle which may be attributable to a major decline of the genetic variance from cycle to cycle and to a severe reduction of the population size due to strong dormancy among the entries selected in the first RS cycle. Very low realized heritabilities for observed heterozygosity were obtained in each RS cycle. Nevertheless, significant selection response was obtained. In order to compare the results of the individual RS cycles under common environmental conditions, preserved seed from each of the selected parent plants was grown in a final greenhouse experiment. Beside heterozygosity, various development, flowering and performance traits (days to ear emergence, anther extrusion, open flowering, number of ear bearing tillers, 100-grain weight and seed number) were additionally assessed in this experiment. The observed heterozygosity increased from 0.23% in population C1 via 0.69% in C2 and C3 to 1.29% in C4. The marker genotypes assessed in the final experiment were used to estimate multi-locus outcrossing rates. Values increased from 1.4% in C1 via 2.1% in C2 to 2.8% in C3 and C4. Generally, the increase from cycle to cycle was significant. Only the progress from C1 to C2 and from C3 to C4 did not reach the 5% significance level. All estimates were probably downward biased due to extremely high temperatures in the greenhouse during flowering. Great differences existed between the outcrossing rates of individual families within populations. Only non-significant weak to negligible correlations were obtained between floral traits and the outcrossing rate. The observed positive response to recurrent selection substantiates the efficacy of the present approach for enhancing the level of heterozygosity in barley, offering good perspectives for improving the productivity of the crop in the stress prone WANA region. The new selection approach, in principle, is applicable to other autogamous or partially autogamous crop plants as well.