Browsing by Subject "Bread"

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Characterization of the effects of chia gels on wheat doughand bread rheology as well as the optimization of breadroll production with the Nelder-Mead simplex method
(2016) Zettel, Viktoria; Hitzmann, Bernd
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is becoming increasingly popular as ingredient for baked goods. The aim of the first part of this thesis was to investigate the influence of gel from ground chia on the rheology of different wheat dough systems and the resulting baked goods. The evaluated products were wheat bread and sweet pan bread. The effects of chia incorporated as gel in wheat bread dough as hydrocolloid were characterized using empirical and fundamental rheological methods and differential scanning calorimetry. To avoid competition of starch and ground chia with respect to the water uptake, chia was incorporated as gel. The gel was prepared of ground chia with 5 g/g and 10 g/g water, respectively. The doughs were prepared with 1-3 % chia related to the amount of wheat flour. The effects of gel from ground chia were studied also as fat replacer in sweet pan breads. The main focus of the work was to study the effects of the fat substitution on the dough rheology. The dough rheology was characterized using a rotational rheometer and a Rheofermentometer. The end products were evaluated with a texture analyser and two samples were additionally evaluated with respect to their fatty acid profile. The substitution was secondly addressed to reduce the total amount of fat in the product and to improve the nutritional value of the products regarding the fatty acid composition. The fat was replaced in four steps, and the ratio among the ingredients was held constant to ensure a better comparability. Within this thesis it was shown that addition of gel from ground chia can affect wheat doughs and the resulting baked products in a positive way. The approach of using ground chia as gel seems to be fruitful to avoid competition between starch and chia with respect to the water uptake while the crumb formation during the baking process takes place. The evaluation of the pasting profiles of wheat flour suspensions with chia gel addition reinforced this assumption. The gel from ground chia affected the pasting properties in a way that the viscosities decreased with increasing amount of chia. The rheological properties of the doughs were affected in negative ways with respect to further processing by the addition of too high amounts of chia gel. The dough stability was reduced and the resulting baked products were less and irregular porous and therefore compact. All doughs showed weakening regarding the rheometer measurements, however the linear viscoelastic region was not affected. The frequency sweep measurements showed for all doughs a decrease with increasing content of gel from ground chia. The creep-recovery tests of the sweet pan bread doughs revealed that the zero viscosity η0 decreased and the creep compliance J0 increased with increasing chia gel content. The weakening of the doughs may not absolutely be caused by the incorporated chia, but by the additional water. There seems to be a kind of interaction between ground chia particles, wheat flour constituents and water, because nearly the same results were achieved for 2 % and 1 % of ground chia with 5 g/g and 10 g/g water, respectively. These experiments lead also to the best results for incorporating gel from ground chia to wheat breads. The best results for sweet pan breads were obtained with 25 % fat replacement through gel from ground chia. This gel was prepared of 2.3 g ground chia with 5 g/g water. Summarizing the incorporation of defined amounts of gel from ground chia has a positive effect on the rheology and the resulting baked products. The retrogradation of the baked products was decreased over storage and the dietary fibre content was increased. Thus chia acts like a hydrocolloid. The nutritional values of the evaluated baked products, wheat bread and sweet pan bread, were increased. For the sweet pan breads an increase of omega-3 fatty acids was determined. The resulting best sweet pan bread exhibited an amount of 5 % linolenic acid. Gel from ground chia can therefore be incorporated into bakery products as hydrocolloid and for improving the nutritional values regarding the dietary fibre and omega-3 fatty acid contents. Another part of the work was the optimization of the production parameters, proofing time and baking temperature, for bread rolls. The optimization was performed with the Nelder-Mead simplex method. The optimization was necessary for a new oven type, where the oven walls were coated with a ceramic, that increased the infrared radiation during the baking process. The quality criterion for the optimization were the specific volume, the baking loss, the colour saturation, crumb firmness as well as the elasticity of the bread rolls. Within 11 experiments the optimal baking result defined by the results of a conventional oven was obtained. The optimal processing parameters for the bread rolls were a proofing time at 117 minutes and a baking temperature of 215 °C for 16 minutes.
Einfluss verschiedener Getreidearten und Herstellungsverfahren auf den Gehalt immunogener Substanzen in Brot sowie in vivo auf die Verträglichkeit an der Maus und im Menschen
(2022) Zimmermann, Julia; Bischoff, Stephan C.
There are three medical conditions that are triggered by consumption of cereals. Celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). While the underlying triggers and mechanisms of the first two entities have been extensively studied, there is still uncertainty in this regard for NCWS. Symptoms are nonspecific and diagnostic markers are lacking. Besides bacterial fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs), selected cereal proteins such as gluten or α-amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are in the focus of research as triggers. The aim of the present work was firstly to investigate the influence of the choice of cereal (common wheat, spelt, rye) and the production of bread (degree of milling and choice between yeast and sourdough) on the presence of potentially immunogenic proteins based on proteomic analysis. In a second step, the tolerability of selected breads should be investigated in a transgenic mouse model with intestinal inflammation and in a human study in patients with NCWS and subjective spelt tolerance. This was to narrow down possible triggers of NCWS and to investigate underlying mechanisms. Within the project, protein composition of bread and flour samples was analyzed based on a quantitative proteomics method (nano-UHPLC-ESI-MS based). In addition, a list of known and potentially immunogenic cereal proteins was generated based on Pfam annotation, which was used for the analysis of allergens in flour and bread. This showed that neither the absolute number nor the abundance of these allergenic proteins were dependent on the degree of milling of the flour or the fermentation process of the dough, which means that they are not selectively degraded during bread production. However, such proteins were identified in higher numbers and higher relative amounts in spelt and wheat samples compared to rye samples. Furthermore, different bread types from the proteome analysis were investigated in a mouse model with intestinal inflammation. This did not demonstrate better tolerability of rye bread compared to spelt and wheat bread. Instead, there was a trend for sourdough bread to have less negative effects on intestinal inflammation compared to yeast dough bread. It also turned out that inflammation was increased independently of gluten. No differences were found between wheat and spelt in either the proteomic analysis or the animal studies in this project. However, in a subgroup of NCWS patients, spelt bread is subjectively better tolerated than wheat bread, which could be due to both genetics and the different production of wheat and spelt bread. In order to verify the phenomenon and identify underlying mechanisms, if any, a clinical study was conducted in patients of this subgroup. The aim of the blinded study was to investigate whether spelt bread is actually better tolerated than wheat bread and whether the production process (16h dough or 1h dough + baking agent) has an influence. After each bread (4 days each + 3 days washout), gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed using the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS) questionnaire. Extraintestinal symptoms and various blood and stool parameters were also analyzed. It was found that spelt bread was not better tolerated compared to wheat bread after blinded consumption and that FODMAP-rich bread was not worse tolerated compared to FODMAP-poor bread.
No difference in tolerance between wheat and spelt bread in patients with suspected non-celiac wheat sensitivity
(2022) Zimmermann, Julia; Longin, Friedrich H.; Schweinlin, Anna; Basrai, Maryam; Bischoff, Stephan C.
Individuals with suspected non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) often report better tolerance of spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) bakery products. This experience has neither been validated nor explained on a molecular level. Therefore, we performed blinded wheat and spelt bread challenge in this patient group. Twenty-four adults with a history of NCWS but suspected spelt tolerance were challenged in a single-blinded crossover design over six weeks with six different study breads each at 300 g per day for 4 days followed by a washout phase of 3 days. Study breads comprised spelt and wheat breads made either after a traditional (T) or a current (C) recipe, resulting in four bread types plus a gluten-free bread with 1.5% added oligosaccharides (+FODMAP) and a gluten-free bread with 5% added wheat gluten (+Gluten). The main outcome parameter was the Irritable Bowel Syndrome—Severity Scoring System, which was higher than self-estimated by the participants after spelt bread consumption (p = 0.002 for T; p = 0.028 for C) and lower for wheat bread (p = 0.052 for T; p = 0.007 for C), resulting in no difference between wheat and spelt bread tolerance. The +FODMAP bread was better tolerated than both T breads (p = 0.003 for spelt; p = 0.068 for wheat) and equally well tolerated as both C breads and +Gluten breads after normalization to the washout scores. Neither signs of inflammation nor markers for intestinal barrier integrity were influenced. Our data do not confirm, on an objective basis, the differences in expected symptoms resulting from wheat and spelt products, suggesting a strong nocebo effect for wheat and a placebo effect for spelt.
Production of CO₂ gas hydrates with its application in wheat bread making process
(2023) Srivastava, Shubhangi; Hitzmann, Bernd
The basic requirements necessary for gas hydrate (GH) formation are low temperature, high pressure, the presence of guest molecules, and the desired amounts of water molecules. The most common guest molecules used for the GH are ethane, methane, butane, propane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Hydrate based technological applications almost always require rapid hydrate formation along with high gas uptake to be economically viable. One possible approach to achieving the same is the introduction of particular additives into the system. These additives are known as hydrate promoters. In recent times, amino acids have emerged as a highly effective class of promoters, and unlike surfactants, they promise a clean mode of kinetic action, i.e., no foam formation. Hence, the first part of the thesis dealt with the optimisation of GH formation with the application of amino acid promoters. The optimisation of the GH production was performed with different combinations of promoter ingredients namely cysteine, valine, leucine, and methionine. The amino acids leucine and methionine gave some positive results with the application of promoters for the production of GH therefore, these two amino acids were carried further for the experimentation purpose in the production of GH. Also, a combinational use of these amino acids (leucine and methionine) was studied to investigate the effect on percentage CO₂ retention in comparison to the normal water GH. The conventional baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, remains the popular leavening agent in the bread baking industry. Carbon dioxide required for the rising of dough is produced by the metabolism of yeast with the consumption of sugars in the dough, which is a time and energy-consuming process. This research attempts to utilize carbon dioxide gas hydrate as a leavening agent in bread. Despite plentiful experiments on CO₂ gas hydrates in other fields, there is still an urge to carry out more analysis to elucidate various applications of GH in baking and positively validate its sustainability. The temperature stability of GH is important while baking due to the exposure to high temperatures during the various steps involved. In order to effectively use CO₂ GH as a leavening agent in the baking industry, a concise evaluation of the formation of CO₂ GH and its gas containment capacity should be adequately analysed and documented. Also, the effect of CO₂ GH properties by the addition of promoters should be taken into consideration as baking involves higher temperatures, and stabilising the GH at higher temperatures is an important criterion in the context of baking different products. Hence, the effect of a higher temperature of 90 ℃; on the CO₂ gas entrapment of the produced GH with promoters was studied. It was observed that the stability of GH decreases with an increase in temperature, but the addition of promoters, especially leucine + methionine + lecithin increased the CO₂ uptake during GH formation. Another part of the thesis was the application of GH in the baking bread with/without promoters and the study of physio chemical properties of bread. By varying the percentage of gas hydrates from 10-60 %, analysis of the performance of CO₂ GH as a leavening agent during baking was done. The effectiveness of GH bread was evaluated by comparing its characteristics to those of standard bread made with yeast. Also, a comparative evaluation was made for bread with and without promoters GH as leavening agents in terms of different physio chemical characteristics of the bread, such as moisture analysis, volume analysis, pore analysis, texture profile analysis, and baking loss. The results show that the bread with 20 % and 40 % GH obtained the best results in terms of volume and pore size. The next part of the thesis dealt with a comparative analysis of the partial replacement of yeast with CO₂ GH as leavening agents in bread baking. By partially eliminating the yeast, variations of bread dough were produced by the addition of GH in different percentages (20-70 %). The effectiveness of GH on bread manufacture was evaluated by comparing its characteristics to that of standard bread made with yeast. Once the bread was baked, the texture profile, volume, moisture content, and pore size were recorded to compare the leavening effect of GH with the standard recipe when partial addition of yeast was done. The best results combinations with respect to specific volume, pore analysis and hardness were obtained with 70 % GH + 50 % yeast and 70 % GH + 75 % yeast, respectively. As the final part of the thesis, the influence of additives on wheat bread baked with promoter induced CO₂ GH as leavening agents was studied. The additives used for the study were ascorbic acid (AC), egg white (EW), and rice flour (RF). These additives were added to the GH bread containing different amounts of GH (40, 60, and 70 % GH). Also, a combination of these additives in a wheat GH bread recipe was studied for each respective percentage of GH. Based on the results of the study, it was found that 70 % GH+ AC+EW+RF wheat bread was found to be the best in terms of textural analysis, pore size analysis, and other physiochemical parameters. Therefore, this research study will help us in understanding the application of GH in the bread baking process with replacement of conventional baking agents such as yeast.
Understanding and addressing food loss and waste : a multidimensional analysis of wheat loss and bread waste in Iran
(2023) Ghaziani, Shahin; Reiner, Doluschitz
Food loss and waste (FLW) is a global issue with significant environmental and economic consequences, threatening food security. Reports show that 14% of global food production is lost in production and supply chains, while 17% is wasted at the consumption stage. Despite this, theres a lack of knowledge, especially in developing countries like Iran, facing challenges due to sanctions, environmental issues, and water scarcity. This doctoral study focuses on FLW in Iran, adopting a lifecycle approach, with wheat and wheat bread in Fars province as the main focus. The research aims to quantify and analyze food waste, identify hotspots, enhance quantification methods, and explore causes and solutions. The study includes mapping the wheat lifecycle, analyzing loss and waste factors, and proposing interventions. Data collection involves surveys and a laboratory experiment. The first survey in October 2018 used value stream mapping to overview the wheat and bread lifecycle. It identified farms, foodservice establishments, and households as major hotspots, revealing data gaps. The second survey, from December 2018 to August 2019, focused on household bread waste (HBW) in Shiraz. The survey involved 419 households and included a self-assessment questionnaire, a food frequency questionnaire for dietary data collection, and a socioeconomic status section. Findings led to three articles. The third article addressed underestimation in self-assessment methods using a lab experiment, improving accuracy. A lab experiment simulated common consumption recipes and measured resulting waste. Comparing the lab results with HBW estimates from the questionnaire survey, the article presents underestimation ratios ranging from 1.24 to 1.80. The fourth article reveals HBW in Shiraz at 1.80%, with traditional bread waste at 1.70% and non-traditional bread waste at 2.50%. However, these percentages do not consider the underestimation inherent in the self-assessment method. Adjusting for underestimation within this study population, traditional bread waste increases to 3.06%, and non-traditional bread waste rises to 3.58%. Outdated data from previous Iranian reports was highlighted. The final article uses multiple regression modeling to predict HBW based on household dietary patterns and socioeconomic scores. It emphasizes the need for consumer-focused interventions to address household food waste effectively, such as developing FLW reduction policies targeting specific consumers grouped based on waste-related characteristics. In conclusion, the dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of wheat loss and bread waste in Iran, offering insights into environmental, economic, and food security implications. It guides improvements in agricultural productivity, farmer cooperation, and consumer-focused strategies for sustainable consumption. The research contributes methodological advancements and informs decision-making for reducing wheat loss and bread waste, fostering responsible production and consumption.