Browsing by Person "Iffland, Hanna"

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    Genomic analyses of behavior traits in laying hen lines divergently selected for feather pecking
    (2021) Iffland, Hanna; Bennewitz, Jörn
    Feather pecking is a longstanding problem in commercial layer flocks. It often causes injured birds and even cannibalism. In the past, hens were beak trimmed to reduce feather pecking. Nevertheless, this procedure is already prohibited in some EU countries. Hence, a solution to this problem is urgently needed. The experimental populations analyzed in this thesis were formed by hens based on a White Leghorn layer strain which were divergently selected for high and low feather pecking since 1995. The first experimental population of this thesis was an F2 cross of about 900 hens which was established of the 10th generation of the pure selection lines. The second population consisted of about 500 hens of the 15th generation of these two lines. The aim of this thesis was to gain further knowledge of the genetic background of feather pecking and its relation to additional behavior traits and the gut microbiome. In chapter one, a novel model to detect extreme feather pecking hens was developed. Therefore, a mixture of two negative binomial distributions was fitted to feather pecking data of the F2 cross. With the estimated parameters, the trait posterior probability of a hen to belong to the extreme feather pecking subgroup (pEFP) was calculated. The fear tests tonic immobility and emerge box were conducted at juvenile and adult age of the hens to relate fearfulness to pEFP. After dichotomization, all traits were analyzed in a multivariate threshold model and subsequent genomewide association studies (GWAS) were performed. The fit revealed that extreme feather peckers made up a proportion of about one third of the hens. The new trait pEFP has a medium heritability of 0.35 and is positively correlated with the fear traits. Breeding for this new trait could be an option to reduce the proportion of extreme feather peckers. An index of fear related traits might serve as a proxy to breed indirectly against pEFP. In chapter two, the model to detect extreme feather pecking hens was applied to the pure selection lines. After calculation of the trait pEFP, GWAS with a subsequent post GWAS analysis were performed. Additionally, to find genomic regions influencing feather pecking, selection signatures were mapped by applying the intra-population iHS and the inter-population FST approach. Mapping of selection signatures revealed no clear regions under selection. GWAS revealed a region on chromosome one, where the existence of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing feather pecking is likely. The candidate genes found in this region are a part of the GABAergic system. Despite the polygenic nature of feather pecking, selection on these candidate genes may reduce the extreme occurrence of it. In chapter three, the relation between agonistic behavior and feather pecking was analyzed. Therefore, the active parts of the traits (delivery of feather pecking, aggressive pecking or threatening) as well as the passive parts (reception of the traits) were considered. These groups of traits were additionally summarized by means of an index formation which led to the two additional traits Activity and Passivity, because all these behaviors are undesired in their excessive manifestations. Moreover, Indices were built by subtracting the passive traits from the respective active traits to obtain the feather pecking index, the aggression index and the threat index. Phenotypic correlations were estimated between all traits which were followed by heritability estimations and GWAS. Feather pecking is significantly positively correlated with the agonistic traits in both lines. The active traits and the feather pecking index show medium heritabilities. Hence, selection on high feather pecking leads to an increase of agonistic behavior whereas the correlation probably depends on the phase of establishing the social hierarchy and might disappear, after a stable ranking is established. GWAS revealed that the heritable traits in this study seem to be typical quantitative traits. Chapter four provides the analyses of the gut microbial composition of the two feather pecking lines, followed by the estimation of microbiabilities for feather pecking and the two agonistic behavior traits, to study the influence of the gut microbiome on behavior. Microbiota samples from digesta and mucosa were taken from ileum and caecum. The microbial communities were determined by using 16S RNA gene sequencing techniques. Although both lines differ significantly in some fractions of their gut microbial composition, the microbial animal effects were mostly negligibly small. Thus, the calculated microbiabilities were close to zero and not significant in both lines and for all traits investigated. Hence, trait variations were not affected by the gut microbial composition in both feather pecking lines. The thesis ends with a general discussion where additional results of a meta-analysis of pEFP and breeding strategies against feather pecking are considered.