Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften

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Anemia among Syrian refugee children aged 6 to 23 months living in Greater Beirut, Lebanon, including the Voices of Mothers’ and Local Healthcare Staff: A mixed-methods study
(2023) Jeremias, Theresa; Abou-Rizk, Joana; Burgard, Leonie; Entenmann, Isa; Nasreddine, Lara; Jomaa, Lamis; Hwalla, Nahla; Frank, Jan; Scherbaum, Veronika
Globally, the prevalence of anemia among children during the period of complementary feeding is high. A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted to examine the main determinants of anemia among Syrian refugee children aged 6 to 23 months (n = 215) and to illuminate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of their mothers and Lebanese healthcare staff on its causes and available treatment options. 42% of the children and 20% of their mothers were anemic. Determinants of child anemia were the mother having anemia or not knowing that fish/seafood is a source of iron; the child having been acutely ill the last two weeks or receiving cow’s milk, but not consuming iron-rich infant formula, added fats/oils, or fruits in the previous 24 hours. Several Syrian mothers knew some causes of anemia and named dizziness as a leading symptom but did not mention flesh foods as a key source of heme iron. They reported financial constraints in accessing iron-rich foods and supplements. Lebanese doctors largely gave appropriate dietary advice and prescribed iron supplements as treatment. Multisectoral interventions are needed that combine medical and financial support with nutrition counseling for mothers to reduce the high burden of anemia among young children living in a multiple crises situation.
Food and nutrition security and associated health aspects of Syrian refugee mothers and their offspring : a mixed-method study in Greater Beirut, Lebanon
(2023) Abou-Rizk, Joana; Scherbaum, Veronika
Nutrition during the first 1000 days of life – from conception to two years of age – lays the foundation for optimal health, cognitive and social development, and well-being of children and mothers. Malnutrition and hidden hunger in mothers and their offspring during the perinatal period can have long-lasting and irreversible consequences on human capital and increase the risk to non-communicable diseases among adulthood through intergenerational effects. Since the Arab Spring in 2011, the Syrian humanitarian crisis has escalated to become the world’s largest by the end of 2018, forcing 6.7 million to flee, mainly to neighboring countries. In 2015, Lebanon was the host of more than 1.5 million refugees and displaced persons from Syria, reaching the highest per capita concentration of refugees worldwide. The protracted crisis has increasingly weakened Lebanon, in turn exposing vulnerable groups, especially women of reproductive age and children below five years, to increased risks of inadequate nutrition and health status. To date, there has been a lack of studies among refugees that examine the nutritional and health situation and investigate the underlying and immediate determinants of malnutrition among women of reproductive age and children below five years. Therefore, knowledge gaps regarding the prevalence of anemia and nutritional status of Syrian refugee mothers and children were identified as important research areas in this dissertation. Assessing the food security and mental health of Syrian refugee mothers, examining the dietary intake and infant feeding practices, and investigating their respective determinants and associated risk factors were also important areas of focus. This research project was conducted between July and October 2018 in collaboration with the American University of Beirut in primary healthcare centers in the Greater Beirut area in Lebanon using quantitative and qualitative surveys (mixed-methods survey) among Syrian refugee mothers and their child aged below five years of age. This work comprises a total of three research articles that have been published in peer-reviewed international journals. The first article (Chapter 3) describes the prevalence of anemia and the nutritional status of mothers and children below five years of age and indicates a moderate public heath significance among Syrian refugees in the Greater Beirut area, Lebanon. The existence of the so-called double burden of malnutrition and hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiencies) has been documented, as mothers and children from the same household were affected by undernutrition, overnutrition, and / or anemia. A strong association between maternal and child anemia in the same household and an association between anemia and overweight / obesity among mothers has also been demonstrated. Analysis of the 24-hr dietary recalls of pregnant, lactating, non-pregnant non-lactating mothers revealed inadequate dietary intake and nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and lactation. The second article (Chapter 4) presents data on the prevalence of food insecurity, low dietary diversity, and poor mental health among Syrian refugee mothers in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. A significant association between food insecurity and low dietary diversity as well as poor mental health status was found. Low household monthly income and a high household crowding index were significantly associated with low dietary diversity and food insecurity. In addition, the results showed that low-income households consumed monotonous diets, characterized by a high consumption of refined starchy staples and grains. The third paper (Chapter 5) focused on the nutritional and health status of infants under six months. Overall, the public heath significance for anemia and wasting was moderate. Inadequate infant feeding practices, such as the intake of pre-lacteal feeding and liquids, were demonstrated in newborns, which in turn contributed to delayed initiation of breastfeeding and low rates of exclusive breastfeeding. Factors supporting infant feeding practices included proper knowledge on maternal nutrition and exclusive breastfeeding and support from healthcare professionals or family during breastfeeding. Identified barriers included cultural practices such as the early introduction of foods, breastmilk substitutes, and giving water or herbal tea to infants under six months of age. Maternal health issues and social factors such as misinformation from family members and violations of the Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes also affected breastfeeding. A conceptual framework was also developed in this dissertation to provide a comprehensive understanding of the linkages and pathways between the enabling, underlying, and immediate determinants and the nutritional and health outcomes in the context of humanitarian crises. Based on this conceptual framework, three principal pathways were identified to explain the following associations: (1) from the enabling determinants to anemia and nutritional status, (2) from socio-economic status and host country resources to food consumption and diets, and (3) from pre-resettlement experiences and dietary acculturation to food consumption and diets. In addition, the concluding discussion (Chapter 6) presented the role of maternal mental health status and health services and their impact on maternal nutrition and anemia status as well as infant feeding. In summary, this dissertation contributes to the knowledge about the anemia and nutritional status of Syrian refugee women and children as well as on the food security and mental health status of mothers living in an urban setting of a protracted humanitarian crisis in Lebanon. It also provides insights into the emergence of malnutrition among women and children in the context of refugees and shows the pathways between different levels of determinants of nutrition and health. Implications for practice can be drawn from this dissertation, such as the development or strengthening of evidence-based culture-specific nutritional interventions that are targeted to the refugee context. Priorities for future research were also identified, including the need to improve the effectiveness of nutritional interventions in conflict settings.
Infant feeding practices, nutrition, and associated health factors during the first six months of life among Syrian refugees in Greater Beirut, Lebanon: A mixed methods study
(2022) Abou-Rizk, Joana; Jeremias, Theresa; Nasreddine, Lara; Jomaa, Lamis; Hwalla, Nahla; Frank, Jan; Scherbaum, Veronika
The objective was to describe infant feeding practices, nutrition and related health aspects of infants under six months among Syrian refugees in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Syrian refugee mothers with infants under six months in July–October 2018 (N = 114). Additionally, eleven focus group discussions were conducted to explore supportive factors and barriers associated with early breastfeeding practices. The prevalence of pre-lacteal feeding was high (62.5%), whereas early initiation of breastfeeding was low (31%), and exclusive breastfeeding very low (24.6%). One-fifth of the infants were anemic (20.5%) and 9.6% were wasted. A significantly higher proportion of non-exclusively breastfed infants had a fever and took medicines than those who were exclusively breastfed. Supporting factors of adequate infant feeding practices comprised knowledge on maternal nutrition and exclusive breastfeeding, along with receiving support from healthcare professionals and family members. Identified barriers included preterm delivery, pre-lacteal feeding, an at-risk waist circumference and moderate to severe depression among mothers, bottle feeding, early introduction of food, maternal health reasons, breastmilk substitutes’ distribution, and misinformation offered by mothers-in-law. To address sub-optimal feeding practices documented among Syrian refugees, awareness on proper breastfeeding practices, maternal nutrition, and psychosocial support should be provided to mothers and family members alike.

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